Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Essays - Jackie Robinson, Free Essays

Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Essays - Jackie Robinson, Free Essays Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia., on January 31, 1919 to Jerry and Mallie Robinson. He grew up in Pasadena, California. In high school and at Pasadena Junior College he showed great athletic skill in track, basketball, football, and baseball. He left school in 1941 and was drafted the following year for Army service during World War II. After receiving a medical discharge in 1945, Jackie Robinson decided to tryout for the Boston Red Sox, but ended up not making the team. He spent a year playing baseball with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League. Later he played in the 1946 season with the Montreal Royals, a Dodgers farm club, and led the International League in hitting with a .349 average. He stole 40 bases and scored 113 runs. When the Dodgers opened their 1947 season, Robinson was playing second base. On April 10, 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first black player to sign a major league contract in the 20th century. During his first game, Jackie went hitless in three at-bats, but flawlessly handled 11 chances at first base. In 1947, Jackie hit .297 and stole 29 bases while also playing first base for the Dodgers. Jackie led the National League in stolen bases and was named rookie of the year. The main problem he had to overcome was controlling his short temper after hearing so many racial remarks from the crowds and other ball players, including his own teammates. On July 12, 1949, Jackie Robinson made his All-Star game debut for the National league. This was the first time that a black player participated in an All-Star game. On October 6, 1949, Jackie Robinson scored the only run in the Dodgers 1-0 win over the New York Yankees in game two of the World Series. This was the only game that the Dodgers won in the 1949 World Series. In 1949, with a .342 average, he was named the most valuable player in the league. He was one of the game's best base runners, with a total of 197 stolen bases. The Dodgers won six National League pennants during Robinson's ten playing years. On December 13, 1956, the Brooklyn Dodgers traded Jackie Robinson to the Dodger's rival team, the New York Giants in hopes that Robinson would be able to boost the low attendance. He was being traded for a pitcher named Dick Littlefield and $35,000 in cash. At this time, Robinson was having problems with his legs and was thinking about quitting baseball. Less than a month later, Jackie retired from baseball in 1956 with a lifetime batting average of .311. On January 23, 1962, the Baseball Writers Association of America elected Jackie Robinson to the Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. Robinson became the first African-American to be elected. After retirement he became a vice-president of a New York restaurant firm and the president of a land-development company. From 1964 to 1968 he served as special assistant for civil rights to Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York. He also worked with drug-prevention programs. Robinson starred in the motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story which was made in 1950 and was the author, with Alfred Duckett, of I Never Had It Made in 1972. On October 24, 1972, Jackie Robinson died from a heart attack at the age of 53 in Stamford, Connecticut. Ten days earlier, Robinson had thrown out the first pitch at the beginning of the second game in the 1972 World Series.

Sharks essays

Sharks essays Sharks are any of the 340 species of fish that, together with the skates, rays, and chimeras, are sharply distinguished from the vast number of bony fish species by their cartilaginous skeletons. Sharks are very keen-sensed fishes, many species of which are able to hunt and eat nearly all the larger water animals in both shallow and deep seas. These two features account for their long evolutionary history. Many of the shark species living today are quite similar to abundant species that swam in seas of the Cretaceous period more than 100 million years ago. Sharks reveal great diversity in behavior and size. The whale shark is the largest shark and also the largest fish in the sea, measuring up to 15-m (49f) in length. The cookie-cutter shark measures less than 50 cm (19in) in length. Sharks are mainly marine fish found in all seas and are especially abundant in tropical and subtropical waters. Many types migrate up rivers. Sharks are best known as aggressive carnivores that even at tack members of their own species. Two of the largest sharks-the basking shark and the whale shark-feed on plankton, which they strain from the water with gill rakers. Altogether sharks are very different from other animals because they all have unique physical characteristics, mating habits, and feeding habits. Most sharks are gray in color and have leathery skin covered with small, sharp, pointed scales, which, unlike those of bony fish, do not enlarge during the animals growth. Usually five gills slits lie behind the head. The tail is asymmetrical, with the backbone extended into the upper lobe. Many species have rows of sharp teeth embedded in fibrous membranes instead of in the jawbones. When the sharks teeth are lost in their prey, other teeth quickly shift into position to replace the teeth that they lost. The fins and tails of sharks are rigid and not erectile, like those of the bony fish. Contrary to popular image, the dorsal fins rarely stick ...

Reader reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reader reflection - Essay Example As a little girl, you are brought up in a way that teaches you how far your abilities can stretch and you should not venture further and explore your potential beyond the settled guidelines. Therefore, you are raised not to believe in your abilities. Only â€Å" if we should finally release ourselves from this spiral and really give a physical task our best offer, we are greatly surprised indeed at what our bodies can accomplish† Young said. In my opinion, the spiral from which all this misperception stems from is within the family realm and community as a whole. Because society is formed by the nucleus family cell. I want to believe that women all around the world start realizing their true abilities and may be even oppose the popular cultural beliefs that they can achieve less than men do. I come from a culture where the prevailing attitude is that men do everything better than women, with the exception of cooking, may be. However, I am positive that if parents try and encourage their children, regardless of their gender to try and achieve something more, their children will eventually accomplish the new task and prove that they are capable of doing so. This will bring more joy and happiness for both parents and young children and hopefully trigger some societal changes. Secondly, women in general tend to hide their strength and be more delicate and frail in order to protect themselves. But then again, I think that this is happening because they have been trained into believing that they are fragile. The projected image that they have for themselves is one of being objectified. Thus, it seems easier that women justify their underestimation in achieving physical tasks. If nobody believes they can accomplish it, why should they believe themselves they can? It is true that men are physically built differently than women, they have stronger body

Precis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Precis - Essay Example This article throws light on a critical issue of which I had very little knowledge earlier. It opened my eyes to the negative side of globalization that basically triggered deforestation of the Amazon. Though the author has partially blamed the local people that are involved in logging and cattle ranching; but in my opinion, the government is solely responsible for not keeping its laws strict enough for people to avoid committing environmental crimes. The government has introduced Plano Amazonia to develop the Amazon forests which would further increase the rate of deforestation. Loggers and cattle farmers work together and keep moving the agricultural frontier upwards after having deforested some parts of the Amazon. At the cost of deforestation, Brazil has become the largest beef exporter in the whole world. With the efforts of environmentalists, the big exporters of soya bean and beef have pledged not to buy from growers in the Amazon, which is commendable and would save the Amazo n forests to a great deal. The congress has approved a land reform bill that claims to end illegal farming and environmental crimes but environmentalists are wary of it. Illegal land holdings are prevalent in the Amazon. The new law aims to introduce land regularization and eventually stop deforestation but it is very difficult for the weak Brazilian state to enforce it. Environmentalists have proposed commercializing the products of the forests, which would benefit the local people as well. Amazon fund have been set up by the Brazilian government and many countries, the UN and private companies shall donate to put an end to deforestation. Building roads through the forests to connect far off areas is essential for economic development, despite the effect that it would contribute to deforestation. Efforts are underway to preserve the forests as a

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay Example for Free

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay 1.Briefly State the Main Idea of the Article. The main idea of the article is to explain the entry barriers that new products need to handle in emerging markets that in developed markets. The existence of different kind of channels available to promote their product and expand the awareness. The main three factors discussed in the article are: Word of mouth, in store experience and initial brand consideration. But, there are other factors that also can play a major role in the growth of a product in any market as is the geographical location of the product. In developed countries where access to internet and TV it is not limited, the media marketing plays a big role in the awareness of the product because this might be the first approach to early adapters or new consumers of the product. While in countries where access to internet or a TV is limited, the product only can rely on the Word of Mouth. 2.List Three important Facts That the Author Uses to Support the Main Idea. Word of mouth: This channel it is the most important for a new product in a new market, because it depends of the feedback is given by friends, relatives to the consumer. The in store experience: this is when the consumer has the first interaction with the product and that influences the final decision of the consumer. The initial brand consideration: This factor does not play a big role compared with the other two but is a factor to be taken into consideration for future product in order to expand the awareness of their product. 3.What Information or Ideas Discussed in this Article are Also Discussed in your Textbook, Discussion or Other Readings that You Have Done. Understand the Global Marketing Environment taking into consideration the different stages of the market. The different stages of the market in this article can be described as the low, high, upper level income of the countries where the access to media communication can be a crucial factor in order to expand the awareness of any product. Also, the social and cultural environments play a big role in the marketing plan of a product in emergent and developed markets, understanding these two environments will benefit the product in order to understand how to target a specific group of customers adding value to their needs. 4.List Any Examples of Bias or Faculty Reasoning That You Found in the Article. In my personal opinion I believe that the article does not have any faulty reasoning, I believe they are giving their feedback through their point of view, but I will like to address that most of the times developed countries fail to develop marketing strategies in emerging countries, for example they focus in marketing their product through TV in countries where the abstention to buy new products promoted through TV or web is low, they need to bring new strategy ideas in order to market their product in other countries. 5.List Any New Terms/Concepts That Were Discussed in the Article and Write a Short Definition or Commentary. Word of Mouth: this concept it is not new for me I understand what it means but I think it is a crucial factor in order to buy something new for me. For example when I started with the mountain biking, I was the emergent consumer to the market but thanks to my friends I was able to decide which where the best bicycles for me considering my budget, as well the accessories required helmet, gloves, cleats etc. (this is an opposite example but I think it works to explain that word of mouth is a major player when marketing and expanding products)

The Frontier of America :: essays research papers fc

::::Just a note, I wrote this my Junior Year in high school, so don't expect anything amazing. Please feel free to use, edit, tweak in any way you want. Just make sure you document :D:::: The United States of America is a perfect name for the country. It is after all many states united. But to have states you must have land for those states. Before those stats become land they must be a frontier, or as defined by Webster’s Dictionary, â€Å"A region that forms the margin of settled or developed territory.† The United States has had a frontier of endless land, which has been settled throughout many years. The Frederick Jackson Turner thesis on the frontier states: Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development. Expansion of the United States can be traced from the first of those who settled in Jamestown. It all began with a simple idea, a faster route to India. Yet instead of going around Africa someone proposed to just sail west. Yet when these people sailed west they had not reached India. They found North America. They had made the first frontier of America, the colonial frontier. Other groups came to this vast land with its seeming endless frontier. This frontier had multiple challenges, such as Indians, survival, and means of trading for use in mercantilism. The Pilgrims, at Plymouth, followed the Jamestown adventurers. Later the Puritans settled into what today is Boston and Salem. The Frontier, which was ever expanding, and always existent in the United States, grew immensely after the revolutionary war. In the Treaty of Paris the United States received the area known as the North West Territory. It was from the Mississippi River to the present day boundary, which were the Appalachia n Mountains as was stated in the Proclamation Line of 1763. This virtually doubled the size of the United States. This land had already had many settlers, and was a booming frontier. The territory was going to be divided into about 5 states, each of which would not have slavery. The next addition to the United States came at a very prosperous time, when Jefferson was in office. He received the Louisiana Purchase.

The Predatory Organism: Bdellovibrio

Identifying the genes and the proteins to be expressed by this organism during pore formation in the host cell will be of significance to bacteriology. The possible use of this information can be seen in the study done by Kadouri and O’toole. It was established in this report that B. bacteriovorus can be used as a control agent against certain biofilm communities. It was observed that biofilm populations of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens were significantly reduced when exposed to B. bacteriovorus.Since biofilm formation is unnecessary and damaging in some instances, inhibition of its formation can be done through natural elimination of the biofilm organisms, and that is through the inoculation of B. bacteriovorus. Another possible application of this predatory organism is through its use as an anti-microbial therapeutic agent. It had been suggested by Hobley et al. that the introduction of this organism to a microbial-infected wound can lead to the reduction of p athogenic organisms in the site of inoculation.In this way, the use of antibiotics can be avoided and possible resistance of disease-causing organisms to the applied drug can be avoided. If the genes responsible for pore formation in the host cell will be identified, the organism can be manipulated to increase the genes’ expression. These can then be enhanced and controlled in accordance to the desired amount and time of expression. II. Aims This paper aims to propose a method on how to determine the necessary and significant enzymes involved in pore formation of the host cell by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus H100.The specific aims are as follows: 1. Identify the genes of B. bacteriovorus H100 specifically expressed during pore formation in the host cell during the predatory life cycle phase of the organism using time course Microarray analysis. 2. Identify specific hydrolytic enzymes expressed by the identified genes of B. bacteriovorus H100 involved in pore formation on host c ell membrane. III. Background The discovery of Bdellovibrio by Stolp and Starr in 1962 opened the scientific world to the dawn of a new organism- a bacterium which preys on its own kind (12).This bacterium is a curved rod, Gram negative organism classified under the group of delta-proteobacteria. It is a motile bacterium; monotrichously flagellated; obligately aerobic; small in size (0. 3 ? m in width and 1-2 ? m in length); and is obligately predatory. Its genome consists of 3. 85 mega base pairs. Most of these genes encode for enzymes involved in hydrolysis and flagella involved in host sensing (3). The best known species of Bdellovibrio is B. bacteriovorus, observed to prey on other Gram negative organisms such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Sphaerotilus natans and Pseudomonas fluorescens (1).The distribution of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is observed in diverse environments; therefore, it is considered to be an ubiquitous bacterium. It was associated in dry environment such as the soil; in wet locations such as brackish water, sewage, fresh water, pooled reservoirs and sea water; and in unique microbial niches such as biofilms (3). The life cycle of this bacterium consists of two stages. The first stage is the so-called free-swimming attack phase and the second stage is known as the intraperiplasmic replication phase. Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of these two stages.The life cycle of B. bacteriovorus takes about three hours to complete. For the initiation of the attack, the monotrichous flagellum is an important facet to consider. Movement is essential in finding the suitable host in the environment. The predatory organism moves towards a region with a high prey concentration. This process is meditated by chemotaxis. It can be seen from the illustration that a critical stage in the predation of B. bacteriovorus is the ability of the organism to penetrate its host bacterium. Upon contact with another Gram negative, B.bacteriovorus then forms a pore in the cell membrane of its host. Initial entrance of B. bacteriovorus is followed by the organism’s penetration of the periplasm. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus then occupies the periplasmic space of the host cell (3). Without this phase, the other steps in the whole life cycle of the organism cannot be ensured to occur. Figure 3 and 4 shows an electronmicrograph of B. bacteriovorus attaching to a host cell. A specific strain of the bacterium, B. bacteriovorus HD100, was studied by Rendulic, et al. This strain of Bdellovibrio was found to have an unusually large genome.Though this bacterium preys on other Gram negative organisms, its genetic make-up did not comprise of any gene from its host. Furthermore, it was elucidated that the genes present in B. bacteriovorus HD100 are made up of gene families coding for enzymes such as hydrolases and transporters, important in the penetration and killing of the host. These genes also code for enzymes needed for uptake of complex mol ecules (6). One hurdle in studying the molecular characteristics of this organism is its host dependent nature. Without a suitable host, growth cannot be ensured, thus, elucidation of its genetic make-up may be difficult to achieve.Further studies using this bacterium revealed that Bdellovibrio can generate mutant cells that do not require host cells for growth and are therefore known as host independent (HI) strains. Despite this, they were able to retain the ability to grow on prey and hence are termed as facultative predators. For gene manipulation techniques, HI strains are usually used (8). Despite the fact that the complete genome of the organism was already sequenced, the specific genes coding for the needed enzymes to form pores in the host cell were still unidentified.With this lack of information, this study is formulated and designed. IV. Research Design and Methodology Culturing of B. bacteriovorus HD100 on prey dependent and prey independent set-ups: Predatory (HD) cult ures of B. bacteriovorus HD100 will be grown on E. coli in Ca2_-HEPES buffer at 30Â °C, with shaking at 200 rpm (8). Escherichia coli ML35 and E. coli W7-M5 (10) will be used as the prey throughout the experiments. Escherichia coli ML35 will be cultured in nutrient broth (Difco Laboratories), and E. coli W7-M5, a lysine and DAP auxotroph, will be cultured in nutrient broth supplemented with 0.2 mM lysine and 0. 1 mM DAP at 37Â °C with shaking at 200 rpm. Prey-independent HI strains will be plated on rich peptone-yeast extract (PY) medium (8). Synchronous cultures: Synchronous cultures will be used for performing various experiments as described below. Briefly, fresh bdellovibrios will be added to prey cells in HM buffer (3 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-1 mM CaCl. LQ. One mM of MgCl2 will be adjusted to pH 7. 6 using NaOH (10). The organisms will be grown until a final concentration of 1010 bdellovibrios per ml and 5 x 109 E.coli per ml is reached. For proper aeration, volumes will be kept to ? 20% of the flask’s volume and incubated at 30Â °C with shaking at 400 rpm. Synchronous cultures will be examined at intervals for attachment and penetration with a Nikon model L-Ke microscope (Nippon Kogaku Inc. ) equipped with phase-contrast optics and a Nikon model AF camera. Time course Microarray analysis. Time course Microarray analysis will be performed to identify the genes to be expressed during the entry phase, specifically during pore formation on the host cell membrane of B.bacterovorus H100. Microarray slides of B. bacteriovorus H100 will be ordered from Advanced Throughput, Inc Services. Total cellular RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 cells at entry phase using the RNeasy mid kit (Qiagen). The RNA of the organism will also be extracted during the other stages of infection. This will serve as a reference for comparison of the genes expressed and not expressed at the desired stage. Complementary DNA sy nthesis, fragmentation, labeling, hybridization, staining and washing will be performed according to the Affymetrix B.bacteriovorus H100 GeneChip array expression analysis protocol (Affymetrix). Briefly, cDNA will be synthesized from RNA using Superscript II (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA will be removed by alkaline treatment and subsequent neutralization. Complementary DNA will be purified with QIAquick PCR purification columns (Qiagen). Purified cDNA will be fragmented by DNase I (Amersham) at 37Â °C for 10 min followed by end labeling with biotinddUTP, using an Enzo BioArray terminal labeling kit (Affymetrix), at 37Â °C for 60 min.Hybridization will be performed in an Affymetrix GeneChip hybridization Oven 640. Washing and staining will be performed using an Affymetrix Fluidics Station 400. Arrays will be scanned with an Agilent GeneArray Scanner G2500A. GeneChip scans will be initially analyzed using the Affymetrix Microarray Suite 5. 1 s oftware, from which PivotData tables will be exported. Raw data from the PivotData Tables will be analyzed in GeneSpring software version 6 (Silicon Genetics), using the parameters suggested by Silicon Genetics for analysis of Affymetrix Microarrays. Real-time PCR:Real-time PCR using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-time PCR system will be performed to confirm microarray results. RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 at initial phases of predatory life cycle up to entry phase as described above. RNA will be reverse transcribed into cDNA and simultaneously labelled using the iScript One-step RT-PCR kit with SYBR Green (Biorad). RT-PCR reactions will also be performed to amplify cDNA of housekeeping genes (identified from micro array studies) for normalization of fluorescence values. Identifying the specific hydrolytic enzymes of B.bacteriovorus which are involved in pore formation on host cell membrane. Many experiments showed that B. bacteriovorus H100 releases hydrolytic enzymes during predatory life cycle. According to Thomashow and Ritterberg, glycanases and lipopolysaccharideases are required for pore formation in the prey’s peptidoglycan and LPS layers respectively. The glycanase and/or peptidase could be responsible for weakening the peptidoglycan layer of the prey and thereby responsible for permitting conversion of the substrate cell to a spherical shape (10).Tudor et al. proposed another model for penetration. According to them peptidase is responsible for pore formation but not glycanase (11). Specific enzymes involved in pore formation are not known. The genes identified from the time course micro array technique will be mutated as described previously using suicide vector pSSK10. Resulting mutants will be complemented by using vector pMMB206 (8). Mutants will be analysed for the specific enzymes (using 2D-gel electrophoresis) and their actions on host cell i.e, as a glycanase, LPSase or peptidase will be observed by radio labellin g experiments (10). Wild-type B. bacteriovorus H100 and complemented strains will be used as controls. Radio labeling experiments: Escherichia. coli W7-M5, auxotroph for lysine and DAP and cannot metabolize glucosamine, will be radiolabelled as described previously (9,10). Peptide portion of E. coli W7-M5 peptidoglycan will be labelled with [3H] DAP and the lipopolysaccharides and glycan portions of the peptidoglycan will be labeled with [3H]glucosamine.Various mutants and wild-type strains will be tested for predation using this radiolabelled strain. Solubilisation of glucosamine and DAP from labelled prey peptidoglycan will be measured as described previously (11). Briefly, samples taken at intervals will be precipitated with an equal volume of cold 10% trichloroacetic acid for 30 min followed by centrifugation. Resulting supernatants will be assayed for soluble radioactivity in a scintillation counter (Rackbeta II). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: The hydrolytic enzymes rele ased by B.bacteriovorus H100 during its predatory life cycle will be analyzed by performing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Sample preparation for 2D-gel electrophoresis: Escherichia coli ML35 cells will be challenged with B. bacteriovorus H100 wild-type as well as the mutant strain. Culture fluid will be drawn from synchronous cultures during attachment and entry phases of B. bacteriovorus H100. Culture fluid will be centrifuged to discard any cell debris. Proteins in the supernatant will be precipitated using cold acetone. The precipitated proteins will be separated by centrifugation.The precipitated pellet will be air dried and will be dissolved in rehydration solution (8M urea, 2% CHAPS {3-[3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate}, 18 mM DTT, 0. 5% IPG buffer pH range 4-7; Amersham Biosciences), plus a trace of bromophenol blue. Sample protein concentrations will be determined using the BCA protein assay (Pierce). Resulting protein pellet will be subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis. 2D-gel electrophoresis: Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis will be performed according to the method of O’Farrell.Proteins present in the pellet will be resolved on two-dimensional gels using the products and protocols of Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. In the first-dimension, proteins will be resolved by isoelectric focusing on a precast Immobiline DryStrip with a linear pH gradient. This will be followed by electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel on 12. 5% acrylamide gel. For analytical 2-D gel electrophoresis, 100 ? g of sample protein will be applied to the gels and the proteins will be stained with Pharmacia Biotech silver stain kit.For preparative two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis, 500 ? g of the sample protein will be loaded on the gels and proteins will be visualized using Coomassie blue R-350 (Phast Gel BlueR; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Spot analysis will be carried out using PDQuest Image Analysis softw are (BioRad). Spots absent from the mutant sample gel will be manually excised from the wild-type B. bacteriovorus H100 sample gel for identification. Mass spectrometry and protein identification: Excised protein spots of interest will be destained, reduced, carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin in situ.This will be done overnight with a temperature of 37Â °C as described (8). Gel digests will be centrifuged, and an aliquot of the supernatant will be taken for analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Lists of peptide masses will be generated and searched against the NCBInr database using the Mascot protein identification system (Matrix Science; http://www. matrixscience. com). Sequences of proteins identified by Mascot will be analyzed for a predicted signal sequence using SignalP 3. 0 (http://www. cbs. dtu.dk/services/SignalP/). V. Conclusion The identification of genes responsible for the expression of hydr olytic enzymes of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is of significant importance. Since the organism preys on other bacteria, its special attributes must be thoroughly studied and appreciated for possible useful applications. As mentioned earlier, this predatory organism can be used as a control agent against biofilm, as well as pathogenic organisms. Through the use of natural agents to control destructive and disease-causing bacteria, the use of chemicals and antibiotics can be lessened or avoided.Since the rapid evolution of organisms towards resistance and tolerance to anti-microbial substances is becoming more widespread, an alternative approach to these problems can be useful in the world of bacteriology. Thus, the identification of these genes and hydrolytic enzymes is of utmost importance. The elucidation of this information can be used as a primary defence against harmful microbes if this knowledge will be taken advantage. A more effective predatory role can be performed by Bdellov ibrio bacteriovorus if the genes and the hydrolytic enzymes of the organism will be expressed efficiently and constitutively.

Can war ever be justified? Essay

This question is not that easy to answer. Many philosophers, politicians or just ordinary people in the past and in the present try to come up with an answer, but there is no simple answer to this question such as â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. The answer depends on an individual. Some people like Ruth Heing say _†Countries went to war because they believed that they could achieve more through war than by a diplomatic negotiation†_. Some people like Bo Bennett say _†Diplomacy is more than saying or doing the right things at the right time, it is avoiding saying or doing the wrong things at any time†._ War brings nothing to the country but damage and destruction. Government is not the only one who is affected by the war. War takes away lives of so many innocent people. More than 1068 000 people died in the battle of Somme. The weaponry is not cheap, millions are wasted on them. In 1898 when Kaiser Wilhelm II announced his intention to built a powerful German navy, Britain raised first class war ship – Dreadnought against Germans. They spent millions on building the ship, instead of spending the money on the ship construction it would be more effective to spend money on more social issues. Than the conflict between Germany and Britain would have been avoided and at the same time some social needs would be satisfied as well. When it comes to self defense, war is just necessary. The reason why Georgia still exists today is because when Turkey invaded Georgia in 10th, 11th century Georgia was constrained to defend its self. Georgia wasn’t the one who started the conflict. If Georgia would not have defended itself from the invaders (who were mostly from Muslim countries), today the country would have been a part of turkey or other neighboring country. War can be necessary in order to get independency or freedom for example There is no short answer to the question if the war can ever be justified it depends on the situation in which the country is in and it depends on the individual, how does a person view the affects of the war on the country. Everything in the world has both positive and negative aspects including War. Can war ever be justified? Essay War is an inevitable part of the history of humankind. Unlike natural happenings, war is an action of people inflicted of other people. This issue has raised ethical problems, which are still problematic till today. War is by common sense evil, but can it ever be less evil? There are a number of varying options when discussing the issue of a ‘justifiable war’. Some people argue that war is always justifiable while others argue that it can never be. Some maintain that due to human conditions, war is inevitable. Can it ever be morally justifiable to use force so as to preserve values within a society such as justice, peace and freedom? The Pacifists argue that war is never morally justifies, while others argue that war at times is justifiable, and therefore they produce what one may call the ‘just war tradition’. The just war tradition represents a fund of practical moral insight based on a reflection on actual problems as these have occurred in different historical contexts. The moral insights and practices that make up the tradition reflect the judgments and experience of people coming from a wide range of cultural institutions. Unjustly causing harm to someone is never justified, and is referred to as an absolute moral obligation. An absolute moral obligation therefore refers to an obligation which has priority over all other moral obligations. On the other hand, to inflict harm which may or may not be justified can be referred to as prima facie moral obligation. A prima facie moral obligation is an obligation which has a strong moral reason supporting it. However such obligation may be overridden under special circumstances, like self-defense. Therefore it is ethically correct to harm someone else in order to protect yourself and others. The ‘just war tradition’ provides three fundamental moral reminders. The use of force is sometimes necessary to preserve values that would otherwise be lost. Any resort to force and the application to forceful means have to be subjected to an intentionality of justification and restraint, and the means and techniques of war should serve the legitimate moral aims of the employment force. Can war be ethically justifiable? Two sets of rules have been developed to assess when choosing violence can be justified, as well as to set limits on the amount of force. These two sets of rules are referred to as jus ad bellum, which is the right to war, and jus in Bello, which is the right in war. Jus ad bellu m refers to whether the  option to use force in a particular situation is justified, while jus in Bello refers to whether the type of force is to be justified. There are conditions in both jus ad bellum and in jus in Bello. The conditions in jus in Bello are proportionality of specific tactics and the immunity of non-combatants. The killing of innocent people during war is a criminal and who do it will be punished. The conditions in jus ad bellum are that there must be a legitimate authority and the need for a declaration of war (from the legitimate authority itself). There have to be a Just Cause, for example to defend human life; no one can start a war without a reason. In a just war there have to be right intentions. One can kill others to stop them from attacking his country. There have to be reasonable hope of success; you only declare a war with the hope of winning. Courage is to refuse to obey orders which are inhumane and to know when you need to stop (surrender). War has to be the last resort and one has to try and avoid it when possible. The last but not least is proportionality of the whole enterprise. There is the need to calculate the beneficial and harmful results. There have to be more positive results than negative ones. Thomas Aquinas held that a war can only be justified if three conditions are satisfied. The war must be legally declared by a public authority that is legitimately authorized to commit a people to war; the war must be declared by someone who can be entrusted with the care of the common good and a legal authority to declare a war. The war must be pursued for a morally just cause, like self-defense or to take something which is yours back; it isn’t right to engage in a war against a nation that has done nothing to deserve it. Those who are engaged in fighting a war must have a rightful intention; they must intend only to achieve the just end and must not be provoked. Some conditions are added to those of Aquinas by those who use the just war theory to evaluate the morality of war and of the weapons of war. They added that the war must be fought only as a last resort; so if there is another way of achieving one’s just end, the war will not be just. There must be a reasonable hope of success. The war must be aimed to produce more good than harm, and it is wrong to use methods of warfare that cause more injuries and deaths than necessary. Therefore as to conclude, one must say that war has its rules and they should be followed. To declare a war one must have the right intention and a reasonable hope of success, and it must be fought only when  nothing else can be done to achieve the results desired.

Lady Bug in Human Life Analysis Essay

Lady Bug in Human Life Analysis Essay Lady Bug in Human Life Essay Sample Lady Bug in Human Life Essay Sample Entomology is an important study nowadays. This is due to the fact that it helps and enables people to understand the importance of the diverse living organisms. This paper is focusing on ladybug. This insect has been of great importance to the human beings and environment. The ladybird is also known as ladybeetle or ladybird beetle. There exist around five thousand species of this insect. It also a famous fact that ladybird beetle has been always welcome since people consider them as a sign of good luck (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The ladybird beetles also have appealing colors which may vary. The most common colors that are dominant are orange and red. The ladybug body structure is oval or dome shaped. Their body also consists of three pairs of legs. One ladybug can consume over five thousand insects during its life period (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). It is considered that ladybugs have been accidentally introduced in New Orleans (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The ladybud infe station has been increasing their population in Louisiana, Pennsylvania and other Northern States of the U.S over the years (Dreistadt, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to identify the different species of the ladybug. Moreover, understanding of the impacts of the ladybag is also demonstrated. The paper also intends to explain the origin of ladybird beetle in the U.S and why it was introduced in the country. In order to successfully understand the nature of this insect, the bug should be analyzed according to its scientific classification. It is also necessary to understand the life stages that the bud undergoes in order to become a satisfied adult. Since the bug is important to the ecosystem, this requires efforts to protect them and ensure that their species are maintained. Classification of the Lady Beetle The scientific name of the ladybug is Coccinellidae Septempunctata (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They come from the family of the Coccinellidae. Coccinellid is a word that has the Latin origin from the word Cocconeus, which means scarlet (Dreistadt, 2004). The family of Coccinellidae consists mainly of beetles. The lady bud’s habitat is the grass, lands, and forests. Ladybird beetle are classified as omnivore due to their diet, which includes mainly aphids and pollen (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The ladybug belongs to the kingdom of Animalia and to the class Insecta. The ladybug is also classified in the phylum Arthropoda and corresponds to Coleoptera (Dreistadt, 2004). The ladybird beetle has several species. In Kentucky U.S, there are several species, which include: Coleomegilla mecutata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia convergens, Coccinella septempunctata. Coleomegilla mencutata. They are characterized by their adult and larva consuming on aphids (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They are also known due to their habit of feeding over fifty percent of pollen grains (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They are pink with reddish spots. Harmonia axyridis are orange in color, and most of them do not have spots on their body. Hippodamia are also found in Kentucky, and they are orange and black. The size of their body structure is medium. Coccinella septempunctata has also medium body size (Dreistadt, 2004). They are usually characterized by their seven spotted body. In Colorado, there is also a variety of ladybug species, which include Epilachna varivestis and Adalia bipunctata among many others (Dreistadt, 2004). Epilachna varivestic is commonly known as Mexican bean beetle. These species feed the plants and are mainly found on the bean farms. Adalia bipunctata is also a species of the ladybird beetle family. It is commonly known as two spotted lady beetle. It is also easily identified since it has two spots on its body as well as red wing. In Queens land in Australasia, the dominant species of the lady beetle is Henosepilachna guttatopustulata (Slipinski, 2013). This Henosepilachna guttatopustulata feeds primarily the plants. They are reddish with black and little orange color. In New Zealand, there is the Apolinus lividigaster (Slipinski, 2013). This species is black with yellow spots, which makes it different from the other species. They consume aphid as their main diet. Lady Bug Life Cycle The lady beetle life cycle is mainly characterized by the complete metamorphosis. This means that the life cycle has four transitions, namely from the egg, larva, pupa, and adult respectively. Egg Stage The ladybug lays its eggs in the first stage. The insect searches suitable place with a favorable climate and availability of aphid. The eggs laid by lady beetle are yellow and have an oval shape (Dreistadt, 2004). The eggs are usually in clusters, and they are found beneath the surface of the leaves. The eggs of lad bug are unique in a way that they can be differentiated from other eggs laid by the insects (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The difference includes color and the size of the egg. They are also laid on any leaf as long as there is presence of their prey (Dreistadt, 2004). Then, it takes a period of three to five days for the eggs to hutch and become larva. This is, however, affected by the temperature of the surroundings. Before the egg hutches, it maybe be observed that its color changes can. In the last stage, its color becomes gray (Slipinski, 2013). Larva Stage The larva stage is characterized as a transitional growth of the lady bird beetle from egg stage to pupa. The larva has a bow shaped leg, which is reflected to its appearance (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The larva molt four times as they grow into the pupa stage. Moreover, its development has three steps and the molting usually occurs between the stages (Slipinski, 2013). This phase takes place during a period of ten to fourteen days. The color of larva is usually orange and black. Its body structure is mainly characterized by its similarity to the alligator and is long in length (Slipinski, 2013). The development of larva takes place in plants whereas their diet at this period is mainly aphid. During this stage, the larva does not move to any place (Dreistadt, 2004). The last phase is also known as pre-pupa stage. Pupa Stage Pupa stage is the period between the larva and adulthood. During the last phase of larva they shad their cover to become pupa later (Dreistadt, 2004). However, some pupas still have the skin from the larva stage, which covers some of its parts. The pupa is mostly black with reddish spots on their body. It is worth notinh that during this period the pupa is on the upper surface of the leaf and it usually faces downwards (Slipinski, 2013). During this stage, the pupa can move when disturbed by anything. Moreover, it also does not eat. The pupa can take five to eight days to become an adult depending on the weather conditions (Slipinski, 2013). Adult The pupa lasts for five to seven days in order to become a full satisfied adult. When the pupa has shed its cover, it is still fragile and soft (Slipinski, 2013). The adult is approximately a quarter inch in length. Their body structure is characterized with three body segments. The segments include head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is the first segment followed by the thorax and then the abdomen respectively. The adults are mostly dark red and pale orange with black spotted body. They are dome shaped and have tiny legs (Slipinski, 2013). Their legs are shiny, and they have antennae, which are also small in size (Dreistadt, 2004). The adult and larva have a common similarity, which is the fact that they both feed aphids. The adult ladybird beetle usually moves to the areas, which are infested with pests and other insects. This is probably due to the fact that they are seeking their own food and a place where they can lay their eggs. A single lady bird can lay eggs from the range of five hundred to seven hundred eggs (Dreistadt, 2004). The lady bird beetle usually migrates to other places if their breeding ground experiences a reduction of pests. During this period, they usually move to the highland where there is presence of nectar and pollen grains, which they opt to consume (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The beetle also feeds caterpillar, mites, soft scale, aphid and small insects. The adult ladybug can live for a period from two to three years; then, its life cycle is complete. A single ladybird beetle can have two generations annually, which is also dependent to the availability of their prey (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). Origin of the Ladybird Beetle Most of the lady bird beetle is believed to have originated from the Asian countries. However, Asian lady beetle has its roots in the Asian countries, including China, Korea and the other Asian states (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The name ladybird beetle came from Britain during the time that Europeans experienced infestation of pests that destroyed their agricultural product. They believed that the bug was sent from God after praying to the Virgin Mary to help them curb the damages, which they experienced (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). The lady bug lives on trees and feeds aphids, soft scale and other small insects. The first lady beetle was found in the state of Louisiana in the U.S in the year of 1988 (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The ladybug population has increased in the United States and Canada. During the period from 1960 to 1990, the U.S Department of Agriculture established the Asian lady beetle in order to curb the effects of pests in the agricultural sector (Dreistadt, 2004). Co nsequently, the state of Kentucky in the U.S had not been introduced to the ladybug as a means of biological control agent. Moreover, it eventually migrated to Kentucky from the northern and southern states. The species found in Kentacky were several, including the Coleomegilla meculata, Hermonia axyridis and other species (Arnett, et al, 2002). Impact of Lady Bug Introduction The introduction of lady beetle has both positive and negative impact. The positive influence of the insect is mostly connected with its importance for human beings and the ecosystem. This includes the fact that the ladybug is one of biological control agents. This has made the agricultural sector decrease the use of hazardous chemicals in order to reduce the infestation of pests on the farm (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). This ensures that the products are fresh and do not pose any harm to the human after consumption. The ladybird beetle is a positive and efficient means of reducing the pests in the North America (Dixon, 2000). The state introduced the bug in order to prevent pest’s destroying of the agricultural products. The use of lady beetle has also significantly shown that it is a means of employment. People have learned how to keep the beetle for financial purposes (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). The ladybug also helps to reduce various irritating small insects. The use of l ady bird beetle as a biological control agent has also saved capital, which could be used for the production of chemicals such as pesticide (Slipinski, 2013). This is important for the economy of the country since a lot of its revenue would serve other pressing issues. However, the bug has also negative impact on the human life and the ecosystem. Firstly, the ladybird has caused discomfort to the home owners during the winter seasons (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). This is due to the fact that they seek shelter in the houses homes during the period. The infestation of lady beetle ruins rug and furniture in the residential places (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). The insect releases a yellow fluid that has bad smell and is responsible for destroying the fabric (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They pass through cracks on the walls and any other openings. Moreover, the ladybird beetle endangers some species of small animals, which may be important for both the environment and human beings (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). For example, the ladybug consumes small caterpillar, which help in oxidizing the soil which is then used for seeds germination. The negative influence of the lady beetle includes ruining crops in the farms (Slipinski, 2013). This is demonstrated by the Mexican bean beetles, which consume mostly farm crops (Cranshaw, 2009). The ladybug is also not favorable in farms that do not have pests. This is due to the fact that if they do not have their predators, they opt to feed nectar and pollen grain. Pollen is important for the growth of seeds and food in the farms. When they have been adversely consumed, it is expected to have low production of the farm products. The lady beetle also causes allergic respiratory symptom in the people whose houses have been infested with the bug (Sharma, et al, 2006). Protecting and Introducing the Lady bug Ladybugs are important in the human life and that is the main reason for which the beetle has to be protected. This is done by ensuring that the place has the favorable temperature for their breeding (Foottit, 2009). It is also important to keep the farm humid since the ladybug likes breeding on the places with corresponding conditions. In order to ensure that the bugs increase their population, people have to ensure that they find food (Dixon, 2000). This can be done by introducing crop, which has both nectar and pollen grains (Dixon, 2000). This would help them to migrate and come to the farm. The farmer should also try using little insecticide in order to prevent ladybugs from killing (Dreistadt, 2004). Ladybug is an important insect for both human life and the general environment. It has a distinctive color, which enables an easy identification of the small insect. The bug basically undergoes four stages in order to mature into an adult. After becoming an adult, it lays eggs and the same procedure takes place. This process is known as a complete metamorphosis. The adult is then potential in the effort of pest eradicator. Due to this reason, many countries experiencing the hazardous effects caused by the pests opt to use this method. This method is important since it reduces the use of insecticides and pesticides. It is also vital in the agricultural sector because farm products are fresh and undisturbed. These facts increasingly lead to awareness that this form of pest eradication should be established. It is important to note that although its profits are splendid they also pose hazardous reactions to the human beings. This is due to the fact that they infest people homes during t he winter seasons and cause discomfort to the home owner. Finally, the ladybug is important and should be used in order to gain an eco-friendly environment.

Free Essays on Infidelity

What is the truth about infidelity? When two people who love each other decide to take a sacred vow â€Å"till death do us part†, a part of the commitment involves being loyal and faithful in every way. In a society such as ours, where the divorce rate is sky high, infidelity plays a major role and of great concern to all those who are presently married, or those who are someday hoping to be. In a perfect world, when one person finds his or her other half, then falls in love and gets married, the two people really represent one â€Å"whole† person. The thought of another person breaking up the â€Å"two halves that make a whole† is not even an issue. Think again, this world is not a great place, and often enough the most important person in ones life finds some reason to be unfaithful. Infidelity is a kind of thing that could leave a scar for all eternity. This research paper will focus on the topic of infidelity(1). The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar... Free Essays on Infidelity Free Essays on Infidelity What is the truth about infidelity? 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The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar... Free Essays on Infidelity What is the truth about infidelity? 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The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar...

Visual Analysis of Edgar Degas Art Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Imaginary company's acquisition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Imaginary company's acquisition - Assignment Example The acquisition represents a main source of change for Strawn Services because it shows the organization’s desire to change in order to survive and even prosper (DePamphilis, 2011). To carry out a successful acquisition, proper planning remains an essential aspect because it involves identifying the best features that both companies can contribute in generating a culture for the new company. Currently, worldwide competition and the desire to influence advantage propel organizations to combine resources through acquisition and mergers. Nevertheless, although acquisition may be propelled by various requirements, the main objective entails increasing their size as well as the capacity to grow. Efficiency in function is essential in promoting survival and sustainability, which drives the search for ways of extracting optimal profitability making acquisitions and mergers viable options as indicated by Strawn Services. In overcoming challenges, Strawn Services in its merger tries to exploit synergies that exist between the two organizations resulting in sharing of management expertise and increasing the financial base thaw old allow the organization to access additio nal capital resources (DePamphilis,