William Henry Harrison Ninth U.S President

A Christian Response to Globalization Essay - 874 Words

How globalization is impacting organizations; companies are being operated in a way that is much different that the model we may have been accustom to in the past. Many organizations have developed strategies that reduce the barriers to trade. They have either moved operations to other parts of the globe or brought the work force to their physical (or virtual) locations to fulfill their work force needs. As a result of globalization, many countries have seen rapid industrial growth. In many cases, the process is happening many times faster than it would have prior to the free trade environment we see developing today. The average household income in some countries has multiplied several times over. For example; a recent report on†¦show more content†¦All of these factors have an impact on the overall global picture. Looking forward; according to a recent study published, the world population will grow by another 1.5 billion people before the year 2030. Most of this growth will happen in the developing countries. The population in current higher earning countries will not grow at the accelerated rate expected in developing countries, therefore; the population in those countries will consist of an older work force. These factors will impact demographics in these countries and influence trends in many areas including, earnings and productivity. â€Å"The global economy would grow from about $35 trillion in 2005 to $75 trillion in 2030, an overall increase of 2.1 times.† (The World Bank Group, 2007) Based on the trends that have been published, it would stand to reason that globalization will continue to evolve in the economic landscape for many decades to come. It is interesting to think that globalization, or some form of it, has been with us throughout history. As man populated the far reaches of the earth, traders, merchants and other business people developed various methods to conduct their business in a global fashion in order to reach their consumers. Response from a Christian perspective; the concept of people in developing countries achieving better living conditions and a better life is appealing from a ChristianShow MoreRelatedReligion: Christian Science1395 Words   |  6 PagesChristian Science is an idealistic and most radical form of transcendental religiosity. The study of Christian Science teaches a feeling of understanding of Gods goodness and the differences between good and evil, life and death. The purpose of this paper is to address how the study of Christian Science helps us better understand the impact of globalization in America, as well as the impact of American on globalization. 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Net Realization of a Capital Asset

Question: Write an essay on the cost of acquisition and net realization of a capital asset. Answer: The capital gain can be measured by the difference between the cost of acquisition and net realization of a capital asset. As per Australian Taxation Office there are three options for deriving taxable value of capital gains. The Discount method is used for the capital assets that is believed to be held for more than a year. The Residual method can be used for short term capital assets which are the assets that are held for less than a year on or before the date of disposal of asset. The Indexation method is applicable to the assets as acquired before 21st September and believed to be held for more than a year before the relevant capital gain tax event. Therefore, capital gain taxable value is derived as per all the methods (Ato.gov.au, 2016). Properties that are acquired before 20th September 1985 are exempted: Motor vehicles Reimbursement of expenses for specified injuries Sale of residential house property Any collectable purchased at a cost less than $500. Long Term Capital Loss: Any loss from the disposal of the long term capital asset should be establishing against the income from the long term capital asset and not against the short term capital gains. Moreover, the capital loss can be carried forward on the long term to an unlimited number of consequent years. Short Term Capital Loss: Losses on the short term capital asset can be set off against both long term and short term capital gain under the same block of assets. It can be carried forward to the unlimited number of assessment years. (a) In the given assignment, Mr. David Solomon sold the two- storey building on 27th June of the current tax year for $850,000 which was acquired by him 30 years back for $ 70,000. The property was originally sold at an auction for which the buyer paid a deposit of $85,000 as an advance but subsequently the same has been forfeited because the buyer did not have enough funds to proceed with the transaction. Thus, under the head Income from other sources, the forfeited amount $85,000 will be taxable. Calculation of capital gain NRV $8, 65,000 Imposed under the definition of CST I.E Family home exemption LONG TERM CAPITAL GAIN NIL (b) The pro hart painting as acquired on 20th September, 1985 for $ 15,000 was sold at an amount of $ 125,000. Accordingly, taxable value of capital gain computed as under: NRV $ 1, 25,000 Less: cost of acquisition subject to indexation 15,000*123.4/71.3 $ 25,961 LONG TERM CAPITAL GAIN $150,961 (c) In the year 2004, the luxury motor cruiser was bought for $ 110, 000 which was disposed off to the local broker on the 1st June of the current tax year for $ 60, 0000. Hence, the taxable value of the capital gain would be as follows: Sales proceeds $ 60,000 Less: Indexed cost of acquisition $ 110,000 LONG TERM CAPITAL LOSS $ 50,000 (d) On 5th June, Mr. Solomon had sold his securities in a newly listed mining enterprise for $80,000 of the current tax year which were bought by him on 10th January for $75,000 in the same year. The additional expenses were contributed at a borrowed amount of $70,000 along with interest $5,000 thereon. Additional expenses the sale of securities on purchase were and brokerage at $750 and stamp duty $250. According to Income Tax Assessment Act, interest on loan is not a part of purchased cost and thus it shall not be included (Jin, 2016).Calculation of capital gain as per Income Tax Assessment Act: Sale value $ 80,000 Less: cost of acquisition $75,000 Less: Brokerage $ 750 Less: stamp duty $250 SHORT TERM CAPITAL LOSS $ 4,000 Capital gain for the current tax year Long term capital gain on sale of residential house $ NIL Long Term capital loss on disposal of Boat $ 50,000 Long term capital gain on sale of painting $ 150,961 Short term capital Gain on sale of securities $ 4,000 LONG TERM CAPITAL GAIN $ 104,961 Further, there has been evidence of net capital loss of $10,000 from the sales of the shares from the tax return of Mr. Dave for the previous year as of 30th June. Thus, according to the provision it can be adjusted with current year long- term capital gain. Thus, Net Long term capital gain for the present year is $ 104,961- $10,000 = $ 94,961 Net capital gain can be measured as the difference between losses incurred and profits earned from the disposal of capital assets along with the adjustments for loss on capital asset carried forward from the previous year. As per the rules and principles of ITAA capital gain is not a separate tax head and it forms a part of assessed taxable income of a taxpayer. Hence, the assessee is required to pay tax on the taxable value of capital gain in the relevant tax assessment year in which the event happened. From the above calculations it has been observed that Mr. Dove has earned profits on sale of asset and is eligible to contribute to his superannuation fund. For this purpose Mr. Dove is required to maintain relevant records and documents of the transactions including purchase receipts, documents for interest on loans, expenses incurred for litigation fees, legal fees, brokerage on shares, relevant records for repairs and maintenance of assets etc. (delisted.com, 2016). Net capital loss is derived as a summation of losses incurred from all the capital assets including losses carried forward from previous year. Capital losses are not eligible to be set off from income of any other heads rather allowed to be carried forward to next assessment years for unlimited period and subsequently set off from the capital gains arrived in that year. An assessee is eligible to choose the source of capital gain for set off the acquired losses but cannot carry forward the loss without availing the set off criteria if the same is available. If Mr. Solomon incurred loss on capital gain then he would require to sell more of his assets or borrowing loan to contribute in his superannuation fund and thereafter acquire a rented city apartment. Subsequently, on attaining the age of retirement he could withdraw the tax free amount from his superannuation funds (Learn.nab.com, 2016). Periwinkle Pty Limited, a bathtub manufacturer is a direct seller to public which provided car costing $33,000 in terms of benefit to one of its employees, Emma on 1st May 2015 as she does lot of travelling related to work. However the usage of the car is not limited to the use of work purpose but for personal use as well. The car was used to travel 10,000 kilometers for the period 1st May 2015 to 31st March 2016. Expenditure on repairs has been reimbursed by the company at $550. The car remained unused for 10 days and parked at the airport as well as for 5 days when it was scheduled for repairs. Further, the company provided a loan of $500,000 to Emma on 1 September 2015 at an interest rate of 4.45% which she used to buy a holiday During the current taxation year, Emma bought a bathtub from her employer company for $1,300 whose cost of production to the company was $700 and sales price for general public amounted to $2,600. FRINGE BENEFIT TAX: Fringe benefit tax can be referred to as the tax payable on the taxable value of certain benefits provided by the employer to his employees. Fringe benefit tax can be applicable which are paid by the company to their employees on non-cash benefits or privileges. Below are the certain exempted benefits from fringe benefit tax: Exempted Loans Expenses related to work purpose only. Benefits of car provided by the company to employees if it is used for only work purpose The taxable value of benefits is less than $ 300 Relocation expense related to the employees Housing allowance for the house located at remote place. FRINGE BENETFIT TAX ARE LIABLE ON Loan, Car, Payment of Expense, Airline, transport, Housing, Property, Car parking, and Residual. Moreover, the Fringe Benefit car is defined as a vehicle or station wagon, which is used to carry less than nine passengers or used to carry weight less than one tons. However, if the car is used for personal purpose and is used to provide to the employee doesnt fall into the definition of car as provided in the Act under fringe benefit tax, then the privilege would be falling within the meaning of fringe benefit tax and accordingly tax to be payable by employer on such benefit. Further, if in case the car is provided for less than 3 months then such benefit would not fall under the definition of fringe benefit and accordingly no tax will be evaluated. In the present case, car provided to Emma falls under the meaning of fringe benefit and accordingly, the employer is liable to pay tax on the car allowance provided. Moreover, the car should be considered f or using against personal purpose if the same is not at the premises of the employer. The car should also be considered at the premises of the employee and meant for personal use as well. It should be noted that the definition of the car to be used for the general purpose can be excluded if the car is at the workshop for the repairing process. Cost Basis method By Applying Statutory formula As per question Base value of the car $33,000 Number of days car provided as fringe benefit tax = 335-5 = 333 days Note: Car sent to workshop for repairs and remains unused for 5 days shall not be included in the calculation of number of days car used by Emma for personal purpose while number of days car parked at the airport shall be included. The cost basis could not be included in the Total Days if the keys of the car can be given to the employer. The rate would be 20% if the car runs for less than 15000 kms during fringe benefit period. Taxable Value $33000*20%*330/365 $5,967 FRINGE BENEIFT TAX $5,417 Treatment of Loan provided by employer to Emma at a low rate of interest Fringe benefit tax related to the loan can be evaluated when an employee is provided a lower rate of interest by the employer. Contrastingly, if a loan is provided to employee at a rate lower than benchmark or interest free loan by the employer then tax on fringe benefit will be calculated as follows: If the company is providing a loan at an interest rate of 4.45% then the benchmark rate of interest would be 5.95%. Hence, fringe benefit tax would be as follows: 500,000* 1.50% = $7,500 Further, the employee used $450,000 for the use of buying a house and the balance was transferred to her husband for acquiring the securities. Since Emma incurred $450,000 for house property, hence the taxable value will remain same i.e. $7,500.In case, Emma herself used the entire borrowed amount by herself i.e. for purchase of house property worth $450,000 and buying shares worth $50,000, fringe benefit tax would be determined as follows: I) Taxable value of the loan allowance without the otherwise deductible value 5,00,000*1.50%= $7,500. Ii) Ignore any interest charged and assume that the loan was interest free $500,000* 5.95%= $29,750. Iii) Now suppose that the employee had paid interest equal to the amount of taxable value $ 29,750*10/100= $2,975. iv) Now look at the real situation if employee is being charged interest on loan $500,000*4.45%*10% = $2,225 v) Subtract iii-iv $2,975-$2,225 =$750 Vi) Taxable value i-v 7500-750 $6,750 DEBT WAIVER FRINGE BENEFIT In the given case, Emma bought a bathtub for $1300, which was sold in the market to general public for $ 2,600 by Periwinkle Pty Limited. Hence the difference i.e. $ 2600-$1300=$ 1300 is fringe benefit tax liability in context to Income Assessment Tax Act 1997. References Capital gains tax | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Capital gains tax. [Canberra]: Australian Taxation Office. Calculating Capital Gains Tax - the basics for Australian investors | deListed Australia. [online] Delisted.com.au. Available at: https://www.delisted.com.au/capital-gains-tax/basics [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Calculating and paying capital gains tax. [online] Help and guidance. Available at: https://learn.nab.com.au/calculating-and-paying-capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 May 2016].

The question of what constitutes a h ealthy person Essays

The question of what constitutes a h ealthy person has been debated for many years. Historically, b iomedical models of illness see physical and mental illness as two separate things. According to this model, il lness stems from forces outside of an individual's control and the only source of treatment would be by a healthcare professional, i.e . a doctor. Health psychology is a reasonably new field of psychology that challenges this belief. H ealth psychologists use scientific research to understand how the brain works, t o understand how memory works , problem - solving and decision making. L ooking at how things like attitudes, feelings, thoughts , beliefs, and values cou ld impact on health and illness. The overall goal is to help people to make healthier lifestyle choices. ( Wilson 2008 ). Two of the main goals of health psychology include preventing illness an d researching into the prevention and the inventions of health-related illness. (Barley, Lawson, (2016). Psychologists use science and research to better understand perception, learning, language, attention, memory, problem-solving, decision-making and judgment. The information t hey gather is vital to the preventions of illness ill related behaviours . Using this information and a deep knowledge of mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders, psychologists are also looking at the interaction between mental processes, behaviours and health and apply this to applying healthy interventions . They use research to help people adopt healthy habit s , promote health and wellness, prevent illness, a nd improve health care systems. Health psychology focuses on research, considering questions such us , what makes some people overeat and can attitude 's affect how much people exercise , and could beliefs affect attempts to stop smoking? Health psychology challenges the biomedical model of illness by viewin g attitude as a contribution to health and illness . In contrast to the biomedical model , the individual isn't seen as a passive factor in their health and illness but as an active contributor, with the main role in not only the progression but also the cause of illness . Health psychologi sts work to prevent many different health-related issues such as obesity, boosting self-esteem, preventing an xiety and depression , and try to enhance the quality of life of individuals. (Freedland 2017 ) Health psychologists help people make positive choices for their health and well-being . Not only for themselves but their friends, families, and communities. (Bishop, Yardley, 2010). T he focus of this assignment is the work Health psychologist do in the areas of prevention and promoting healthy life style practices . This includes looking at the influential factors on health behaviours, including diet, exercise, smoking and life style factors. This essay will discuss the different models that are used by health psychologists to explain and predict behaviours. I t will explain how each of these works and discuss if there is enough evidence to suggest they can pr edict behaviour . Health psychologist have the view that an individual's characteristics can have advers e effects on their physical health. Health psychologists work to identify personality traits that could encourage good health or well - being . The most commonly used theory used in health psychology is The Health Belief Model (HBM). (Glanz, Marcus Lewis Rimer, 1997). In the 1950s socia l psychologists Rosenstock, K egals and Hochbaum attempted to predict and explain health behaviours by looking at the beliefs , attitudes , and thoughts of an individual , this b ecame the Health Belief Model . HBM is now used to research into many different health behaviours , including the tran smission of sexual ly transmitted i nfections , such as HIV/AIDS , and considering sexual risk behaviours. (Widman, Noar, Choukas-Bradley, Francis, 2015) . According to the Guide for health promotion practice ( Glanz, Marcus Lewis, Rimer, 1997). Rosenstock added a more recent addition to the HBM in 1988, this was so health psychologists could use the HBM to consider how to challenge habitual unhealthy behaviours, like overeating, sedentary lifestyle , and smoking. The HBM was based on the theory that an individual will make a choice to use a positive health-r elated action , as a preventa tive measure. I f that

Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Essays - Jackie Robinson, Free Essays

Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Essays - Jackie Robinson, Free Essays Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia., on January 31, 1919 to Jerry and Mallie Robinson. He grew up in Pasadena, California. In high school and at Pasadena Junior College he showed great athletic skill in track, basketball, football, and baseball. He left school in 1941 and was drafted the following year for Army service during World War II. After receiving a medical discharge in 1945, Jackie Robinson decided to tryout for the Boston Red Sox, but ended up not making the team. He spent a year playing baseball with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League. Later he played in the 1946 season with the Montreal Royals, a Dodgers farm club, and led the International League in hitting with a .349 average. He stole 40 bases and scored 113 runs. When the Dodgers opened their 1947 season, Robinson was playing second base. On April 10, 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first black player to sign a major league contract in the 20th century. During his first game, Jackie went hitless in three at-bats, but flawlessly handled 11 chances at first base. In 1947, Jackie hit .297 and stole 29 bases while also playing first base for the Dodgers. Jackie led the National League in stolen bases and was named rookie of the year. The main problem he had to overcome was controlling his short temper after hearing so many racial remarks from the crowds and other ball players, including his own teammates. On July 12, 1949, Jackie Robinson made his All-Star game debut for the National league. This was the first time that a black player participated in an All-Star game. On October 6, 1949, Jackie Robinson scored the only run in the Dodgers 1-0 win over the New York Yankees in game two of the World Series. This was the only game that the Dodgers won in the 1949 World Series. In 1949, with a .342 average, he was named the most valuable player in the league. He was one of the game's best base runners, with a total of 197 stolen bases. The Dodgers won six National League pennants during Robinson's ten playing years. On December 13, 1956, the Brooklyn Dodgers traded Jackie Robinson to the Dodger's rival team, the New York Giants in hopes that Robinson would be able to boost the low attendance. He was being traded for a pitcher named Dick Littlefield and $35,000 in cash. At this time, Robinson was having problems with his legs and was thinking about quitting baseball. Less than a month later, Jackie retired from baseball in 1956 with a lifetime batting average of .311. On January 23, 1962, the Baseball Writers Association of America elected Jackie Robinson to the Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. Robinson became the first African-American to be elected. After retirement he became a vice-president of a New York restaurant firm and the president of a land-development company. From 1964 to 1968 he served as special assistant for civil rights to Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York. He also worked with drug-prevention programs. Robinson starred in the motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story which was made in 1950 and was the author, with Alfred Duckett, of I Never Had It Made in 1972. On October 24, 1972, Jackie Robinson died from a heart attack at the age of 53 in Stamford, Connecticut. Ten days earlier, Robinson had thrown out the first pitch at the beginning of the second game in the 1972 World Series.

Sharks essays

Sharks essays Sharks are any of the 340 species of fish that, together with the skates, rays, and chimeras, are sharply distinguished from the vast number of bony fish species by their cartilaginous skeletons. Sharks are very keen-sensed fishes, many species of which are able to hunt and eat nearly all the larger water animals in both shallow and deep seas. These two features account for their long evolutionary history. Many of the shark species living today are quite similar to abundant species that swam in seas of the Cretaceous period more than 100 million years ago. Sharks reveal great diversity in behavior and size. The whale shark is the largest shark and also the largest fish in the sea, measuring up to 15-m (49f) in length. The cookie-cutter shark measures less than 50 cm (19in) in length. Sharks are mainly marine fish found in all seas and are especially abundant in tropical and subtropical waters. Many types migrate up rivers. Sharks are best known as aggressive carnivores that even at tack members of their own species. Two of the largest sharks-the basking shark and the whale shark-feed on plankton, which they strain from the water with gill rakers. Altogether sharks are very different from other animals because they all have unique physical characteristics, mating habits, and feeding habits. Most sharks are gray in color and have leathery skin covered with small, sharp, pointed scales, which, unlike those of bony fish, do not enlarge during the animals growth. Usually five gills slits lie behind the head. The tail is asymmetrical, with the backbone extended into the upper lobe. Many species have rows of sharp teeth embedded in fibrous membranes instead of in the jawbones. When the sharks teeth are lost in their prey, other teeth quickly shift into position to replace the teeth that they lost. The fins and tails of sharks are rigid and not erectile, like those of the bony fish. Contrary to popular image, the dorsal fins rarely stick ...

Reader reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reader reflection - Essay Example As a little girl, you are brought up in a way that teaches you how far your abilities can stretch and you should not venture further and explore your potential beyond the settled guidelines. Therefore, you are raised not to believe in your abilities. Only â€Å" if we should finally release ourselves from this spiral and really give a physical task our best offer, we are greatly surprised indeed at what our bodies can accomplish† Young said. In my opinion, the spiral from which all this misperception stems from is within the family realm and community as a whole. Because society is formed by the nucleus family cell. I want to believe that women all around the world start realizing their true abilities and may be even oppose the popular cultural beliefs that they can achieve less than men do. I come from a culture where the prevailing attitude is that men do everything better than women, with the exception of cooking, may be. However, I am positive that if parents try and encourage their children, regardless of their gender to try and achieve something more, their children will eventually accomplish the new task and prove that they are capable of doing so. This will bring more joy and happiness for both parents and young children and hopefully trigger some societal changes. Secondly, women in general tend to hide their strength and be more delicate and frail in order to protect themselves. But then again, I think that this is happening because they have been trained into believing that they are fragile. The projected image that they have for themselves is one of being objectified. Thus, it seems easier that women justify their underestimation in achieving physical tasks. If nobody believes they can accomplish it, why should they believe themselves they can? It is true that men are physically built differently than women, they have stronger body

Precis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Precis - Essay Example This article throws light on a critical issue of which I had very little knowledge earlier. It opened my eyes to the negative side of globalization that basically triggered deforestation of the Amazon. Though the author has partially blamed the local people that are involved in logging and cattle ranching; but in my opinion, the government is solely responsible for not keeping its laws strict enough for people to avoid committing environmental crimes. The government has introduced Plano Amazonia to develop the Amazon forests which would further increase the rate of deforestation. Loggers and cattle farmers work together and keep moving the agricultural frontier upwards after having deforested some parts of the Amazon. At the cost of deforestation, Brazil has become the largest beef exporter in the whole world. With the efforts of environmentalists, the big exporters of soya bean and beef have pledged not to buy from growers in the Amazon, which is commendable and would save the Amazo n forests to a great deal. The congress has approved a land reform bill that claims to end illegal farming and environmental crimes but environmentalists are wary of it. Illegal land holdings are prevalent in the Amazon. The new law aims to introduce land regularization and eventually stop deforestation but it is very difficult for the weak Brazilian state to enforce it. Environmentalists have proposed commercializing the products of the forests, which would benefit the local people as well. Amazon fund have been set up by the Brazilian government and many countries, the UN and private companies shall donate to put an end to deforestation. Building roads through the forests to connect far off areas is essential for economic development, despite the effect that it would contribute to deforestation. Efforts are underway to preserve the forests as a

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay Example for Free

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay 1.Briefly State the Main Idea of the Article. The main idea of the article is to explain the entry barriers that new products need to handle in emerging markets that in developed markets. The existence of different kind of channels available to promote their product and expand the awareness. The main three factors discussed in the article are: Word of mouth, in store experience and initial brand consideration. But, there are other factors that also can play a major role in the growth of a product in any market as is the geographical location of the product. In developed countries where access to internet and TV it is not limited, the media marketing plays a big role in the awareness of the product because this might be the first approach to early adapters or new consumers of the product. While in countries where access to internet or a TV is limited, the product only can rely on the Word of Mouth. 2.List Three important Facts That the Author Uses to Support the Main Idea. Word of mouth: This channel it is the most important for a new product in a new market, because it depends of the feedback is given by friends, relatives to the consumer. The in store experience: this is when the consumer has the first interaction with the product and that influences the final decision of the consumer. The initial brand consideration: This factor does not play a big role compared with the other two but is a factor to be taken into consideration for future product in order to expand the awareness of their product. 3.What Information or Ideas Discussed in this Article are Also Discussed in your Textbook, Discussion or Other Readings that You Have Done. Understand the Global Marketing Environment taking into consideration the different stages of the market. The different stages of the market in this article can be described as the low, high, upper level income of the countries where the access to media communication can be a crucial factor in order to expand the awareness of any product. Also, the social and cultural environments play a big role in the marketing plan of a product in emergent and developed markets, understanding these two environments will benefit the product in order to understand how to target a specific group of customers adding value to their needs. 4.List Any Examples of Bias or Faculty Reasoning That You Found in the Article. In my personal opinion I believe that the article does not have any faulty reasoning, I believe they are giving their feedback through their point of view, but I will like to address that most of the times developed countries fail to develop marketing strategies in emerging countries, for example they focus in marketing their product through TV in countries where the abstention to buy new products promoted through TV or web is low, they need to bring new strategy ideas in order to market their product in other countries. 5.List Any New Terms/Concepts That Were Discussed in the Article and Write a Short Definition or Commentary. Word of Mouth: this concept it is not new for me I understand what it means but I think it is a crucial factor in order to buy something new for me. For example when I started with the mountain biking, I was the emergent consumer to the market but thanks to my friends I was able to decide which where the best bicycles for me considering my budget, as well the accessories required helmet, gloves, cleats etc. (this is an opposite example but I think it works to explain that word of mouth is a major player when marketing and expanding products)

The Frontier of America :: essays research papers fc

::::Just a note, I wrote this my Junior Year in high school, so don't expect anything amazing. Please feel free to use, edit, tweak in any way you want. Just make sure you document :D:::: The United States of America is a perfect name for the country. It is after all many states united. But to have states you must have land for those states. Before those stats become land they must be a frontier, or as defined by Webster’s Dictionary, â€Å"A region that forms the margin of settled or developed territory.† The United States has had a frontier of endless land, which has been settled throughout many years. The Frederick Jackson Turner thesis on the frontier states: Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development. Expansion of the United States can be traced from the first of those who settled in Jamestown. It all began with a simple idea, a faster route to India. Yet instead of going around Africa someone proposed to just sail west. Yet when these people sailed west they had not reached India. They found North America. They had made the first frontier of America, the colonial frontier. Other groups came to this vast land with its seeming endless frontier. This frontier had multiple challenges, such as Indians, survival, and means of trading for use in mercantilism. The Pilgrims, at Plymouth, followed the Jamestown adventurers. Later the Puritans settled into what today is Boston and Salem. The Frontier, which was ever expanding, and always existent in the United States, grew immensely after the revolutionary war. In the Treaty of Paris the United States received the area known as the North West Territory. It was from the Mississippi River to the present day boundary, which were the Appalachia n Mountains as was stated in the Proclamation Line of 1763. This virtually doubled the size of the United States. This land had already had many settlers, and was a booming frontier. The territory was going to be divided into about 5 states, each of which would not have slavery. The next addition to the United States came at a very prosperous time, when Jefferson was in office. He received the Louisiana Purchase.

The Predatory Organism: Bdellovibrio

Identifying the genes and the proteins to be expressed by this organism during pore formation in the host cell will be of significance to bacteriology. The possible use of this information can be seen in the study done by Kadouri and O’toole. It was established in this report that B. bacteriovorus can be used as a control agent against certain biofilm communities. It was observed that biofilm populations of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens were significantly reduced when exposed to B. bacteriovorus.Since biofilm formation is unnecessary and damaging in some instances, inhibition of its formation can be done through natural elimination of the biofilm organisms, and that is through the inoculation of B. bacteriovorus. Another possible application of this predatory organism is through its use as an anti-microbial therapeutic agent. It had been suggested by Hobley et al. that the introduction of this organism to a microbial-infected wound can lead to the reduction of p athogenic organisms in the site of inoculation.In this way, the use of antibiotics can be avoided and possible resistance of disease-causing organisms to the applied drug can be avoided. If the genes responsible for pore formation in the host cell will be identified, the organism can be manipulated to increase the genes’ expression. These can then be enhanced and controlled in accordance to the desired amount and time of expression. II. Aims This paper aims to propose a method on how to determine the necessary and significant enzymes involved in pore formation of the host cell by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus H100.The specific aims are as follows: 1. Identify the genes of B. bacteriovorus H100 specifically expressed during pore formation in the host cell during the predatory life cycle phase of the organism using time course Microarray analysis. 2. Identify specific hydrolytic enzymes expressed by the identified genes of B. bacteriovorus H100 involved in pore formation on host c ell membrane. III. Background The discovery of Bdellovibrio by Stolp and Starr in 1962 opened the scientific world to the dawn of a new organism- a bacterium which preys on its own kind (12).This bacterium is a curved rod, Gram negative organism classified under the group of delta-proteobacteria. It is a motile bacterium; monotrichously flagellated; obligately aerobic; small in size (0. 3 ? m in width and 1-2 ? m in length); and is obligately predatory. Its genome consists of 3. 85 mega base pairs. Most of these genes encode for enzymes involved in hydrolysis and flagella involved in host sensing (3). The best known species of Bdellovibrio is B. bacteriovorus, observed to prey on other Gram negative organisms such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Sphaerotilus natans and Pseudomonas fluorescens (1).The distribution of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is observed in diverse environments; therefore, it is considered to be an ubiquitous bacterium. It was associated in dry environment such as the soil; in wet locations such as brackish water, sewage, fresh water, pooled reservoirs and sea water; and in unique microbial niches such as biofilms (3). The life cycle of this bacterium consists of two stages. The first stage is the so-called free-swimming attack phase and the second stage is known as the intraperiplasmic replication phase. Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of these two stages.The life cycle of B. bacteriovorus takes about three hours to complete. For the initiation of the attack, the monotrichous flagellum is an important facet to consider. Movement is essential in finding the suitable host in the environment. The predatory organism moves towards a region with a high prey concentration. This process is meditated by chemotaxis. It can be seen from the illustration that a critical stage in the predation of B. bacteriovorus is the ability of the organism to penetrate its host bacterium. Upon contact with another Gram negative, B.bacteriovorus then forms a pore in the cell membrane of its host. Initial entrance of B. bacteriovorus is followed by the organism’s penetration of the periplasm. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus then occupies the periplasmic space of the host cell (3). Without this phase, the other steps in the whole life cycle of the organism cannot be ensured to occur. Figure 3 and 4 shows an electronmicrograph of B. bacteriovorus attaching to a host cell. A specific strain of the bacterium, B. bacteriovorus HD100, was studied by Rendulic, et al. This strain of Bdellovibrio was found to have an unusually large genome.Though this bacterium preys on other Gram negative organisms, its genetic make-up did not comprise of any gene from its host. Furthermore, it was elucidated that the genes present in B. bacteriovorus HD100 are made up of gene families coding for enzymes such as hydrolases and transporters, important in the penetration and killing of the host. These genes also code for enzymes needed for uptake of complex mol ecules (6). One hurdle in studying the molecular characteristics of this organism is its host dependent nature. Without a suitable host, growth cannot be ensured, thus, elucidation of its genetic make-up may be difficult to achieve.Further studies using this bacterium revealed that Bdellovibrio can generate mutant cells that do not require host cells for growth and are therefore known as host independent (HI) strains. Despite this, they were able to retain the ability to grow on prey and hence are termed as facultative predators. For gene manipulation techniques, HI strains are usually used (8). Despite the fact that the complete genome of the organism was already sequenced, the specific genes coding for the needed enzymes to form pores in the host cell were still unidentified.With this lack of information, this study is formulated and designed. IV. Research Design and Methodology Culturing of B. bacteriovorus HD100 on prey dependent and prey independent set-ups: Predatory (HD) cult ures of B. bacteriovorus HD100 will be grown on E. coli in Ca2_-HEPES buffer at 30Â °C, with shaking at 200 rpm (8). Escherichia coli ML35 and E. coli W7-M5 (10) will be used as the prey throughout the experiments. Escherichia coli ML35 will be cultured in nutrient broth (Difco Laboratories), and E. coli W7-M5, a lysine and DAP auxotroph, will be cultured in nutrient broth supplemented with 0.2 mM lysine and 0. 1 mM DAP at 37Â °C with shaking at 200 rpm. Prey-independent HI strains will be plated on rich peptone-yeast extract (PY) medium (8). Synchronous cultures: Synchronous cultures will be used for performing various experiments as described below. Briefly, fresh bdellovibrios will be added to prey cells in HM buffer (3 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-1 mM CaCl. LQ. One mM of MgCl2 will be adjusted to pH 7. 6 using NaOH (10). The organisms will be grown until a final concentration of 1010 bdellovibrios per ml and 5 x 109 E.coli per ml is reached. For proper aeration, volumes will be kept to ? 20% of the flask’s volume and incubated at 30Â °C with shaking at 400 rpm. Synchronous cultures will be examined at intervals for attachment and penetration with a Nikon model L-Ke microscope (Nippon Kogaku Inc. ) equipped with phase-contrast optics and a Nikon model AF camera. Time course Microarray analysis. Time course Microarray analysis will be performed to identify the genes to be expressed during the entry phase, specifically during pore formation on the host cell membrane of B.bacterovorus H100. Microarray slides of B. bacteriovorus H100 will be ordered from Advanced Throughput, Inc Services. Total cellular RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 cells at entry phase using the RNeasy mid kit (Qiagen). The RNA of the organism will also be extracted during the other stages of infection. This will serve as a reference for comparison of the genes expressed and not expressed at the desired stage. Complementary DNA sy nthesis, fragmentation, labeling, hybridization, staining and washing will be performed according to the Affymetrix B.bacteriovorus H100 GeneChip array expression analysis protocol (Affymetrix). Briefly, cDNA will be synthesized from RNA using Superscript II (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA will be removed by alkaline treatment and subsequent neutralization. Complementary DNA will be purified with QIAquick PCR purification columns (Qiagen). Purified cDNA will be fragmented by DNase I (Amersham) at 37Â °C for 10 min followed by end labeling with biotinddUTP, using an Enzo BioArray terminal labeling kit (Affymetrix), at 37Â °C for 60 min.Hybridization will be performed in an Affymetrix GeneChip hybridization Oven 640. Washing and staining will be performed using an Affymetrix Fluidics Station 400. Arrays will be scanned with an Agilent GeneArray Scanner G2500A. GeneChip scans will be initially analyzed using the Affymetrix Microarray Suite 5. 1 s oftware, from which PivotData tables will be exported. Raw data from the PivotData Tables will be analyzed in GeneSpring software version 6 (Silicon Genetics), using the parameters suggested by Silicon Genetics for analysis of Affymetrix Microarrays. Real-time PCR:Real-time PCR using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-time PCR system will be performed to confirm microarray results. RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 at initial phases of predatory life cycle up to entry phase as described above. RNA will be reverse transcribed into cDNA and simultaneously labelled using the iScript One-step RT-PCR kit with SYBR Green (Biorad). RT-PCR reactions will also be performed to amplify cDNA of housekeeping genes (identified from micro array studies) for normalization of fluorescence values. Identifying the specific hydrolytic enzymes of B.bacteriovorus which are involved in pore formation on host cell membrane. Many experiments showed that B. bacteriovorus H100 releases hydrolytic enzymes during predatory life cycle. According to Thomashow and Ritterberg, glycanases and lipopolysaccharideases are required for pore formation in the prey’s peptidoglycan and LPS layers respectively. The glycanase and/or peptidase could be responsible for weakening the peptidoglycan layer of the prey and thereby responsible for permitting conversion of the substrate cell to a spherical shape (10).Tudor et al. proposed another model for penetration. According to them peptidase is responsible for pore formation but not glycanase (11). Specific enzymes involved in pore formation are not known. The genes identified from the time course micro array technique will be mutated as described previously using suicide vector pSSK10. Resulting mutants will be complemented by using vector pMMB206 (8). Mutants will be analysed for the specific enzymes (using 2D-gel electrophoresis) and their actions on host cell i.e, as a glycanase, LPSase or peptidase will be observed by radio labellin g experiments (10). Wild-type B. bacteriovorus H100 and complemented strains will be used as controls. Radio labeling experiments: Escherichia. coli W7-M5, auxotroph for lysine and DAP and cannot metabolize glucosamine, will be radiolabelled as described previously (9,10). Peptide portion of E. coli W7-M5 peptidoglycan will be labelled with [3H] DAP and the lipopolysaccharides and glycan portions of the peptidoglycan will be labeled with [3H]glucosamine.Various mutants and wild-type strains will be tested for predation using this radiolabelled strain. Solubilisation of glucosamine and DAP from labelled prey peptidoglycan will be measured as described previously (11). Briefly, samples taken at intervals will be precipitated with an equal volume of cold 10% trichloroacetic acid for 30 min followed by centrifugation. Resulting supernatants will be assayed for soluble radioactivity in a scintillation counter (Rackbeta II). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: The hydrolytic enzymes rele ased by B.bacteriovorus H100 during its predatory life cycle will be analyzed by performing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Sample preparation for 2D-gel electrophoresis: Escherichia coli ML35 cells will be challenged with B. bacteriovorus H100 wild-type as well as the mutant strain. Culture fluid will be drawn from synchronous cultures during attachment and entry phases of B. bacteriovorus H100. Culture fluid will be centrifuged to discard any cell debris. Proteins in the supernatant will be precipitated using cold acetone. The precipitated proteins will be separated by centrifugation.The precipitated pellet will be air dried and will be dissolved in rehydration solution (8M urea, 2% CHAPS {3-[3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate}, 18 mM DTT, 0. 5% IPG buffer pH range 4-7; Amersham Biosciences), plus a trace of bromophenol blue. Sample protein concentrations will be determined using the BCA protein assay (Pierce). Resulting protein pellet will be subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis. 2D-gel electrophoresis: Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis will be performed according to the method of O’Farrell.Proteins present in the pellet will be resolved on two-dimensional gels using the products and protocols of Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. In the first-dimension, proteins will be resolved by isoelectric focusing on a precast Immobiline DryStrip with a linear pH gradient. This will be followed by electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel on 12. 5% acrylamide gel. For analytical 2-D gel electrophoresis, 100 ? g of sample protein will be applied to the gels and the proteins will be stained with Pharmacia Biotech silver stain kit.For preparative two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis, 500 ? g of the sample protein will be loaded on the gels and proteins will be visualized using Coomassie blue R-350 (Phast Gel BlueR; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Spot analysis will be carried out using PDQuest Image Analysis softw are (BioRad). Spots absent from the mutant sample gel will be manually excised from the wild-type B. bacteriovorus H100 sample gel for identification. Mass spectrometry and protein identification: Excised protein spots of interest will be destained, reduced, carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin in situ.This will be done overnight with a temperature of 37Â °C as described (8). Gel digests will be centrifuged, and an aliquot of the supernatant will be taken for analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Lists of peptide masses will be generated and searched against the NCBInr database using the Mascot protein identification system (Matrix Science; http://www. matrixscience. com). Sequences of proteins identified by Mascot will be analyzed for a predicted signal sequence using SignalP 3. 0 (http://www. cbs. dtu.dk/services/SignalP/). V. Conclusion The identification of genes responsible for the expression of hydr olytic enzymes of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is of significant importance. Since the organism preys on other bacteria, its special attributes must be thoroughly studied and appreciated for possible useful applications. As mentioned earlier, this predatory organism can be used as a control agent against biofilm, as well as pathogenic organisms. Through the use of natural agents to control destructive and disease-causing bacteria, the use of chemicals and antibiotics can be lessened or avoided.Since the rapid evolution of organisms towards resistance and tolerance to anti-microbial substances is becoming more widespread, an alternative approach to these problems can be useful in the world of bacteriology. Thus, the identification of these genes and hydrolytic enzymes is of utmost importance. The elucidation of this information can be used as a primary defence against harmful microbes if this knowledge will be taken advantage. A more effective predatory role can be performed by Bdellov ibrio bacteriovorus if the genes and the hydrolytic enzymes of the organism will be expressed efficiently and constitutively.

Can war ever be justified? Essay

This question is not that easy to answer. Many philosophers, politicians or just ordinary people in the past and in the present try to come up with an answer, but there is no simple answer to this question such as â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. The answer depends on an individual. Some people like Ruth Heing say _†Countries went to war because they believed that they could achieve more through war than by a diplomatic negotiation†_. Some people like Bo Bennett say _†Diplomacy is more than saying or doing the right things at the right time, it is avoiding saying or doing the wrong things at any time†._ War brings nothing to the country but damage and destruction. Government is not the only one who is affected by the war. War takes away lives of so many innocent people. More than 1068 000 people died in the battle of Somme. The weaponry is not cheap, millions are wasted on them. In 1898 when Kaiser Wilhelm II announced his intention to built a powerful German navy, Britain raised first class war ship – Dreadnought against Germans. They spent millions on building the ship, instead of spending the money on the ship construction it would be more effective to spend money on more social issues. Than the conflict between Germany and Britain would have been avoided and at the same time some social needs would be satisfied as well. When it comes to self defense, war is just necessary. The reason why Georgia still exists today is because when Turkey invaded Georgia in 10th, 11th century Georgia was constrained to defend its self. Georgia wasn’t the one who started the conflict. If Georgia would not have defended itself from the invaders (who were mostly from Muslim countries), today the country would have been a part of turkey or other neighboring country. War can be necessary in order to get independency or freedom for example There is no short answer to the question if the war can ever be justified it depends on the situation in which the country is in and it depends on the individual, how does a person view the affects of the war on the country. Everything in the world has both positive and negative aspects including War. Can war ever be justified? Essay War is an inevitable part of the history of humankind. Unlike natural happenings, war is an action of people inflicted of other people. This issue has raised ethical problems, which are still problematic till today. War is by common sense evil, but can it ever be less evil? There are a number of varying options when discussing the issue of a ‘justifiable war’. Some people argue that war is always justifiable while others argue that it can never be. Some maintain that due to human conditions, war is inevitable. Can it ever be morally justifiable to use force so as to preserve values within a society such as justice, peace and freedom? The Pacifists argue that war is never morally justifies, while others argue that war at times is justifiable, and therefore they produce what one may call the ‘just war tradition’. The just war tradition represents a fund of practical moral insight based on a reflection on actual problems as these have occurred in different historical contexts. The moral insights and practices that make up the tradition reflect the judgments and experience of people coming from a wide range of cultural institutions. Unjustly causing harm to someone is never justified, and is referred to as an absolute moral obligation. An absolute moral obligation therefore refers to an obligation which has priority over all other moral obligations. On the other hand, to inflict harm which may or may not be justified can be referred to as prima facie moral obligation. A prima facie moral obligation is an obligation which has a strong moral reason supporting it. However such obligation may be overridden under special circumstances, like self-defense. Therefore it is ethically correct to harm someone else in order to protect yourself and others. The ‘just war tradition’ provides three fundamental moral reminders. The use of force is sometimes necessary to preserve values that would otherwise be lost. Any resort to force and the application to forceful means have to be subjected to an intentionality of justification and restraint, and the means and techniques of war should serve the legitimate moral aims of the employment force. Can war be ethically justifiable? Two sets of rules have been developed to assess when choosing violence can be justified, as well as to set limits on the amount of force. These two sets of rules are referred to as jus ad bellum, which is the right to war, and jus in Bello, which is the right in war. Jus ad bellu m refers to whether the  option to use force in a particular situation is justified, while jus in Bello refers to whether the type of force is to be justified. There are conditions in both jus ad bellum and in jus in Bello. The conditions in jus in Bello are proportionality of specific tactics and the immunity of non-combatants. The killing of innocent people during war is a criminal and who do it will be punished. The conditions in jus ad bellum are that there must be a legitimate authority and the need for a declaration of war (from the legitimate authority itself). There have to be a Just Cause, for example to defend human life; no one can start a war without a reason. In a just war there have to be right intentions. One can kill others to stop them from attacking his country. There have to be reasonable hope of success; you only declare a war with the hope of winning. Courage is to refuse to obey orders which are inhumane and to know when you need to stop (surrender). War has to be the last resort and one has to try and avoid it when possible. The last but not least is proportionality of the whole enterprise. There is the need to calculate the beneficial and harmful results. There have to be more positive results than negative ones. Thomas Aquinas held that a war can only be justified if three conditions are satisfied. The war must be legally declared by a public authority that is legitimately authorized to commit a people to war; the war must be declared by someone who can be entrusted with the care of the common good and a legal authority to declare a war. The war must be pursued for a morally just cause, like self-defense or to take something which is yours back; it isn’t right to engage in a war against a nation that has done nothing to deserve it. Those who are engaged in fighting a war must have a rightful intention; they must intend only to achieve the just end and must not be provoked. Some conditions are added to those of Aquinas by those who use the just war theory to evaluate the morality of war and of the weapons of war. They added that the war must be fought only as a last resort; so if there is another way of achieving one’s just end, the war will not be just. There must be a reasonable hope of success. The war must be aimed to produce more good than harm, and it is wrong to use methods of warfare that cause more injuries and deaths than necessary. Therefore as to conclude, one must say that war has its rules and they should be followed. To declare a war one must have the right intention and a reasonable hope of success, and it must be fought only when  nothing else can be done to achieve the results desired.

Lady Bug in Human Life Analysis Essay

Lady Bug in Human Life Analysis Essay Lady Bug in Human Life Essay Sample Lady Bug in Human Life Essay Sample Entomology is an important study nowadays. This is due to the fact that it helps and enables people to understand the importance of the diverse living organisms. This paper is focusing on ladybug. This insect has been of great importance to the human beings and environment. The ladybird is also known as ladybeetle or ladybird beetle. There exist around five thousand species of this insect. It also a famous fact that ladybird beetle has been always welcome since people consider them as a sign of good luck (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The ladybird beetles also have appealing colors which may vary. The most common colors that are dominant are orange and red. The ladybug body structure is oval or dome shaped. Their body also consists of three pairs of legs. One ladybug can consume over five thousand insects during its life period (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). It is considered that ladybugs have been accidentally introduced in New Orleans (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The ladybud infe station has been increasing their population in Louisiana, Pennsylvania and other Northern States of the U.S over the years (Dreistadt, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to identify the different species of the ladybug. Moreover, understanding of the impacts of the ladybag is also demonstrated. The paper also intends to explain the origin of ladybird beetle in the U.S and why it was introduced in the country. In order to successfully understand the nature of this insect, the bug should be analyzed according to its scientific classification. It is also necessary to understand the life stages that the bud undergoes in order to become a satisfied adult. Since the bug is important to the ecosystem, this requires efforts to protect them and ensure that their species are maintained. Classification of the Lady Beetle The scientific name of the ladybug is Coccinellidae Septempunctata (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They come from the family of the Coccinellidae. Coccinellid is a word that has the Latin origin from the word Cocconeus, which means scarlet (Dreistadt, 2004). The family of Coccinellidae consists mainly of beetles. The lady bud’s habitat is the grass, lands, and forests. Ladybird beetle are classified as omnivore due to their diet, which includes mainly aphids and pollen (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The ladybug belongs to the kingdom of Animalia and to the class Insecta. The ladybug is also classified in the phylum Arthropoda and corresponds to Coleoptera (Dreistadt, 2004). The ladybird beetle has several species. In Kentucky U.S, there are several species, which include: Coleomegilla mecutata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia convergens, Coccinella septempunctata. Coleomegilla mencutata. They are characterized by their adult and larva consuming on aphids (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They are also known due to their habit of feeding over fifty percent of pollen grains (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They are pink with reddish spots. Harmonia axyridis are orange in color, and most of them do not have spots on their body. Hippodamia are also found in Kentucky, and they are orange and black. The size of their body structure is medium. Coccinella septempunctata has also medium body size (Dreistadt, 2004). They are usually characterized by their seven spotted body. In Colorado, there is also a variety of ladybug species, which include Epilachna varivestis and Adalia bipunctata among many others (Dreistadt, 2004). Epilachna varivestic is commonly known as Mexican bean beetle. These species feed the plants and are mainly found on the bean farms. Adalia bipunctata is also a species of the ladybird beetle family. It is commonly known as two spotted lady beetle. It is also easily identified since it has two spots on its body as well as red wing. In Queens land in Australasia, the dominant species of the lady beetle is Henosepilachna guttatopustulata (Slipinski, 2013). This Henosepilachna guttatopustulata feeds primarily the plants. They are reddish with black and little orange color. In New Zealand, there is the Apolinus lividigaster (Slipinski, 2013). This species is black with yellow spots, which makes it different from the other species. They consume aphid as their main diet. Lady Bug Life Cycle The lady beetle life cycle is mainly characterized by the complete metamorphosis. This means that the life cycle has four transitions, namely from the egg, larva, pupa, and adult respectively. Egg Stage The ladybug lays its eggs in the first stage. The insect searches suitable place with a favorable climate and availability of aphid. The eggs laid by lady beetle are yellow and have an oval shape (Dreistadt, 2004). The eggs are usually in clusters, and they are found beneath the surface of the leaves. The eggs of lad bug are unique in a way that they can be differentiated from other eggs laid by the insects (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The difference includes color and the size of the egg. They are also laid on any leaf as long as there is presence of their prey (Dreistadt, 2004). Then, it takes a period of three to five days for the eggs to hutch and become larva. This is, however, affected by the temperature of the surroundings. Before the egg hutches, it maybe be observed that its color changes can. In the last stage, its color becomes gray (Slipinski, 2013). Larva Stage The larva stage is characterized as a transitional growth of the lady bird beetle from egg stage to pupa. The larva has a bow shaped leg, which is reflected to its appearance (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The larva molt four times as they grow into the pupa stage. Moreover, its development has three steps and the molting usually occurs between the stages (Slipinski, 2013). This phase takes place during a period of ten to fourteen days. The color of larva is usually orange and black. Its body structure is mainly characterized by its similarity to the alligator and is long in length (Slipinski, 2013). The development of larva takes place in plants whereas their diet at this period is mainly aphid. During this stage, the larva does not move to any place (Dreistadt, 2004). The last phase is also known as pre-pupa stage. Pupa Stage Pupa stage is the period between the larva and adulthood. During the last phase of larva they shad their cover to become pupa later (Dreistadt, 2004). However, some pupas still have the skin from the larva stage, which covers some of its parts. The pupa is mostly black with reddish spots on their body. It is worth notinh that during this period the pupa is on the upper surface of the leaf and it usually faces downwards (Slipinski, 2013). During this stage, the pupa can move when disturbed by anything. Moreover, it also does not eat. The pupa can take five to eight days to become an adult depending on the weather conditions (Slipinski, 2013). Adult The pupa lasts for five to seven days in order to become a full satisfied adult. When the pupa has shed its cover, it is still fragile and soft (Slipinski, 2013). The adult is approximately a quarter inch in length. Their body structure is characterized with three body segments. The segments include head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is the first segment followed by the thorax and then the abdomen respectively. The adults are mostly dark red and pale orange with black spotted body. They are dome shaped and have tiny legs (Slipinski, 2013). Their legs are shiny, and they have antennae, which are also small in size (Dreistadt, 2004). The adult and larva have a common similarity, which is the fact that they both feed aphids. The adult ladybird beetle usually moves to the areas, which are infested with pests and other insects. This is probably due to the fact that they are seeking their own food and a place where they can lay their eggs. A single lady bird can lay eggs from the range of five hundred to seven hundred eggs (Dreistadt, 2004). The lady bird beetle usually migrates to other places if their breeding ground experiences a reduction of pests. During this period, they usually move to the highland where there is presence of nectar and pollen grains, which they opt to consume (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The beetle also feeds caterpillar, mites, soft scale, aphid and small insects. The adult ladybug can live for a period from two to three years; then, its life cycle is complete. A single ladybird beetle can have two generations annually, which is also dependent to the availability of their prey (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). Origin of the Ladybird Beetle Most of the lady bird beetle is believed to have originated from the Asian countries. However, Asian lady beetle has its roots in the Asian countries, including China, Korea and the other Asian states (Evans, Bellamy, 2000). The name ladybird beetle came from Britain during the time that Europeans experienced infestation of pests that destroyed their agricultural product. They believed that the bug was sent from God after praying to the Virgin Mary to help them curb the damages, which they experienced (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). The lady bug lives on trees and feeds aphids, soft scale and other small insects. The first lady beetle was found in the state of Louisiana in the U.S in the year of 1988 (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). The ladybug population has increased in the United States and Canada. During the period from 1960 to 1990, the U.S Department of Agriculture established the Asian lady beetle in order to curb the effects of pests in the agricultural sector (Dreistadt, 2004). Co nsequently, the state of Kentucky in the U.S had not been introduced to the ladybug as a means of biological control agent. Moreover, it eventually migrated to Kentucky from the northern and southern states. The species found in Kentacky were several, including the Coleomegilla meculata, Hermonia axyridis and other species (Arnett, et al, 2002). Impact of Lady Bug Introduction The introduction of lady beetle has both positive and negative impact. The positive influence of the insect is mostly connected with its importance for human beings and the ecosystem. This includes the fact that the ladybug is one of biological control agents. This has made the agricultural sector decrease the use of hazardous chemicals in order to reduce the infestation of pests on the farm (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). This ensures that the products are fresh and do not pose any harm to the human after consumption. The ladybird beetle is a positive and efficient means of reducing the pests in the North America (Dixon, 2000). The state introduced the bug in order to prevent pest’s destroying of the agricultural products. The use of lady beetle has also significantly shown that it is a means of employment. People have learned how to keep the beetle for financial purposes (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). The ladybug also helps to reduce various irritating small insects. The use of l ady bird beetle as a biological control agent has also saved capital, which could be used for the production of chemicals such as pesticide (Slipinski, 2013). This is important for the economy of the country since a lot of its revenue would serve other pressing issues. However, the bug has also negative impact on the human life and the ecosystem. Firstly, the ladybird has caused discomfort to the home owners during the winter seasons (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). This is due to the fact that they seek shelter in the houses homes during the period. The infestation of lady beetle ruins rug and furniture in the residential places (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). The insect releases a yellow fluid that has bad smell and is responsible for destroying the fabric (Hodek, van Emden, Honek, 2012). They pass through cracks on the walls and any other openings. Moreover, the ladybird beetle endangers some species of small animals, which may be important for both the environment and human beings (Roy, Wajnberg, 2008). For example, the ladybug consumes small caterpillar, which help in oxidizing the soil which is then used for seeds germination. The negative influence of the lady beetle includes ruining crops in the farms (Slipinski, 2013). This is demonstrated by the Mexican bean beetles, which consume mostly farm crops (Cranshaw, 2009). The ladybug is also not favorable in farms that do not have pests. This is due to the fact that if they do not have their predators, they opt to feed nectar and pollen grain. Pollen is important for the growth of seeds and food in the farms. When they have been adversely consumed, it is expected to have low production of the farm products. The lady beetle also causes allergic respiratory symptom in the people whose houses have been infested with the bug (Sharma, et al, 2006). Protecting and Introducing the Lady bug Ladybugs are important in the human life and that is the main reason for which the beetle has to be protected. This is done by ensuring that the place has the favorable temperature for their breeding (Foottit, 2009). It is also important to keep the farm humid since the ladybug likes breeding on the places with corresponding conditions. In order to ensure that the bugs increase their population, people have to ensure that they find food (Dixon, 2000). This can be done by introducing crop, which has both nectar and pollen grains (Dixon, 2000). This would help them to migrate and come to the farm. The farmer should also try using little insecticide in order to prevent ladybugs from killing (Dreistadt, 2004). Ladybug is an important insect for both human life and the general environment. It has a distinctive color, which enables an easy identification of the small insect. The bug basically undergoes four stages in order to mature into an adult. After becoming an adult, it lays eggs and the same procedure takes place. This process is known as a complete metamorphosis. The adult is then potential in the effort of pest eradicator. Due to this reason, many countries experiencing the hazardous effects caused by the pests opt to use this method. This method is important since it reduces the use of insecticides and pesticides. It is also vital in the agricultural sector because farm products are fresh and undisturbed. These facts increasingly lead to awareness that this form of pest eradication should be established. It is important to note that although its profits are splendid they also pose hazardous reactions to the human beings. This is due to the fact that they infest people homes during t he winter seasons and cause discomfort to the home owner. Finally, the ladybug is important and should be used in order to gain an eco-friendly environment.

Free Essays on Infidelity

What is the truth about infidelity? When two people who love each other decide to take a sacred vow â€Å"till death do us part†, a part of the commitment involves being loyal and faithful in every way. In a society such as ours, where the divorce rate is sky high, infidelity plays a major role and of great concern to all those who are presently married, or those who are someday hoping to be. In a perfect world, when one person finds his or her other half, then falls in love and gets married, the two people really represent one â€Å"whole† person. The thought of another person breaking up the â€Å"two halves that make a whole† is not even an issue. Think again, this world is not a great place, and often enough the most important person in ones life finds some reason to be unfaithful. Infidelity is a kind of thing that could leave a scar for all eternity. This research paper will focus on the topic of infidelity(1). The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar... Free Essays on Infidelity Free Essays on Infidelity What is the truth about infidelity? When two people who love each other decide to take a sacred vow â€Å"till death do us part†, a part of the commitment involves being loyal and faithful in every way. In a society such as ours, where the divorce rate is sky high, infidelity plays a major role and of great concern to all those who are presently married, or those who are someday hoping to be. In a perfect world, when one person finds his or her other half, then falls in love and gets married, the two people really represent one â€Å"whole† person. The thought of another person breaking up the â€Å"two halves that make a whole† is not even an issue. Think again, this world is not a great place, and often enough the most important person in ones life finds some reason to be unfaithful. Infidelity is a kind of thing that could leave a scar for all eternity. This research paper will focus on the topic of infidelity(1). The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar... Free Essays on Infidelity What is the truth about infidelity? When two people who love each other decide to take a sacred vow â€Å"till death do us part†, a part of the commitment involves being loyal and faithful in every way. In a society such as ours, where the divorce rate is sky high, infidelity plays a major role and of great concern to all those who are presently married, or those who are someday hoping to be. In a perfect world, when one person finds his or her other half, then falls in love and gets married, the two people really represent one â€Å"whole† person. The thought of another person breaking up the â€Å"two halves that make a whole† is not even an issue. Think again, this world is not a great place, and often enough the most important person in ones life finds some reason to be unfaithful. Infidelity is a kind of thing that could leave a scar for all eternity. This research paper will focus on the topic of infidelity(1). The questions being researched are the following: to whom does it occur to; who exactly is being unfaithful; and why does it happen so often. The first conclusive study on the subject was that of a sex researcher Alfred Kinsley, who in 1953, found that fifty percent of husbands cheated and twenty six percent of wives cheated by the age of forty (Norment, 148). I guess that’s how life (1) For the purpose of this paper, infidelity will be defined as the unfaithfulness of wedding vows. More specifically, infidelity refers to one partner hiding the fact that he/she is not monogamous. used to be in 1950’s, therefore throughout the years people drew up a conclusion that men are the primary cheaters. Our society has always had a stereotypical view about men and infidelity. These days, according to sex researchers, woman under the age of forty are just as likely to commit adultery as men, who ar...

Visual Analysis of Edgar Degas Art Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Analysis of Edgar Degas Art Work - Essay Example However, in a social setting, it is normal for low achievers and those who do not shine in every undertaking especially in music to experience stress, which is evident from a lone dancer leaning on the wall on her forehead. This action usually actualizes the Degas portrait, thus implying that it is real and not a product of imagination or illusion. Beside the master, there is a watering can (for watering the floor to maintain its quality), violin bag and hat holding the tutoring notes pamphlet. Degas has immensely and skillfully utilized color where in this portrait they are white and black coupled with varied shades. White is evident in the color of the dancers’ clothes and the pamphlet where they have blended to bring out the contrast amid the environment and the perfumers (since black and white complementary). Besides, the artist has diversely illuminated the entire portrait where more intensity is in the forefront contrary to the back. It seems the light emanates from the front where the artist takes the entire scene (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Conversely, there is a ray entering in the dancehall from the back slightly opened the door, but it is not powerful enough to cast an illumination on the floor. There are no organic shapes except regular, which are evident in various objects across the dancehall. For illustration, the oval-topped mirror, rectangular shapes (door and bottom of the mirror) and circular master’s hat. Light has induced aspects of value via varying shades from the front to back. This has created depth, which is evident in the portrait and whose extension starts from the front towards the back. The portrait is asymmetrical since its activities seem to dominate the left side, but it depicts unity where the dispersion of the dancers yields to the utilization of the entire room. The portrait is a public image regarding meticulous process,

Imaginary company's acquisition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Imaginary company's acquisition - Assignment Example The acquisition represents a main source of change for Strawn Services because it shows the organization’s desire to change in order to survive and even prosper (DePamphilis, 2011). To carry out a successful acquisition, proper planning remains an essential aspect because it involves identifying the best features that both companies can contribute in generating a culture for the new company. Currently, worldwide competition and the desire to influence advantage propel organizations to combine resources through acquisition and mergers. Nevertheless, although acquisition may be propelled by various requirements, the main objective entails increasing their size as well as the capacity to grow. Efficiency in function is essential in promoting survival and sustainability, which drives the search for ways of extracting optimal profitability making acquisitions and mergers viable options as indicated by Strawn Services. In overcoming challenges, Strawn Services in its merger tries to exploit synergies that exist between the two organizations resulting in sharing of management expertise and increasing the financial base thaw old allow the organization to access additio nal capital resources (DePamphilis,

Economics (merit good) education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics (merit good) education - Essay Example Moreover, education makes one be in a position to acquire employment, obtain income and consequently have an improved way of life (Ver Eecke, 2003, p. 701). Other merit goods include goods and services like health services that the government provides for its citizens for the benefit of the community. This is usually conducted because it would lead to under-provision within the community. It also generates difference between the social and private expenses in addition to the advantages of creation and exploitation leading to the risk of not selling the goods and services (Besley and Ghatak, 2003, p. 235-249). Merit goods are also those goods and services that the government thinks consumers will under utilize, and they ought to be provided free for the entire society. Both private institutions and the government offer education, but in case education was left to be an expense, where parents are expected to pay for education then education would be under-consumed by the members of the society. Poor parents might not understand the importance of education. Similarly, their children might not see the benefits of education (Besley and Ghatak, 2003, p. 235-249). In reality, education should provide peripheral benefits that could not be considered by the open market. The benefits include increasing profits and production for present and future productions and expansion in the work-related movement of the work force, which must assist in the reduction of unemployment and consequently lower welfare expenditure (Dixit, 2002, p. 38). The administration provides this merit good to urge its utilization so those particular optimistic externalities related with merit commodities can be realized (Dixit, 2002, p. 38). They also aim at overcoming the failures of information connected to education, not when the private longer-term benefit of utilization is better than the shorter-term advantage of utilization. The government also believes that consumption

Decision to drop atomic bomb Essay Example for Free

Decision to drop atomic bomb Essay The decision was made from the president that they were going to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 6, 1945. They chose to drop the bomb because if they didn’t there would have been more casualties than necessary in the continued fighting in the Asian theater of the war . Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, the president at that time, Harry S. Truman, made the right choice. The atomic bomb was definitely a political conflict for the United States and Japan. The event which initiated the ultimate bombing began with Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, according to History.com. When the A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, instantly â€Å"Little boy† destroyed 90% of the city, even though it exploded at an altitude of 580 meters. Since the city of Hiroshima only had 298 doctors and 270 of them died, this was rough for the citizens in Hiroshima since the people had no medical help. When they were looking for food and clothes and such it was very rare for them to find the materials they need. However in Nagasaki it was easy to get meds from the naval hospitals out there. Well in September in Hiroshima it was very hard for the people to heal faster because it was so cold and rainy outside for them to fully recover. According to Cacpeaceday. Before dropping the bombs, Japan was refusing to surrender, their emperor insisted on fighting on. Everyone thought that japan had lost but they didn’t know that they refused to surrender and kept fighting. So more and more American’s were dying. The US felt like if they don’t defeat japan soon that they will gain more advantage over Asia or even in japan. Japan ended up shortly surrendering after US dropped two atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan was occupied by allied powers under the American general, MacArthur. Reference According to ibiblio.com pg. 24. http://cacpeaceday.wikispaces.com/3.+The+impact+and+short+term+effects+of+the+dropping+of+the+atomic+bombs U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki June 1946

Communication and Social Behavior in the Atlantic Bottlenose Dolph Essa

Introduction Social behavior in mammals other than humans has always been something that has fascinated not only scientists, but the general population as well. Large mammals known to exhibit similar behaviors to humans have always been popular favorites at zoos and aquariums. One particular favorite is an animal known for its social behavior and intelligence: Tursiops truncates, the bottlenose dolphin (Prevost, 1995). This cetacean has global distribution that spans all tropical and temperate marine waters with bays, sounds, estuaries, and open shorelines being the habitats most frequently inhabited, and sea grass beds being the preferred nursery locations (Prevost, 1995). These mammals are some of the most admired sea creatures and have shown great capacity for intelligence. They are often trained and used in shows at aquariums. Most frequently studied are their communication types and their complex social behavior, with things like verbal and nonverbal communication, communities and social hi erarchies, and common social behaviors receiving a particular emphasis. Physical Attributes and Relevant Zoological Information Tursiops truncates, with its Atlantic sub-species named T .t. truncates, has some very distinct physical features. The size is a range of six to thirteen feet or two to four meters (Prevost, 1995) (Reynolds & Wells, 2003). The average dolphin is about 9 feet long and usually weighs about 600 pounds, although males are typically 25% larger than females (CITATION). The rostrum extends for several inches, but is relatively short compared to the rest of the torpedo shaped body. (Felhammer, et al. 2003). The rostrum is also the basic for the T. t. truncates common name of â€Å"bottlenose† (Felhammer, et al. 2003). ... ...d Social Organization of the Bottlenose Dolphin: A Review. Marine Mammmal Science,( 2 ed, pp. 34–63). Prevost, J. F. (1995). Bottlenose dolphins. (pp. 18-19). Minneapolis, MN: Abdo Consulting Group, Inc. Janik, V. M. (2009). Vocal communication in birds and mammals. (1 ed., Vol. 40, pp. 123-148). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Inc. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=5v63gz04YVgC&printsec=frontcover Feldhammer, G. A., Thomspon, B. C., & Chapman, J. A. (2003). Wild mammals of north america: biology, management, and conservation. (2 ed., pp. 397-425). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=-xQalfqP7BcC&printsec=frontcover Reynolds, J. E., & Wells, R. S. (2003). Dolphins, whales, and manatees of florida: A guide to sharing their world. (1 ed., pp. 28-45). Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

Linguistics and Child Essay

Language is a human tendency to communicate with others and this could underlie the emergence of language. Montessori said, â€Å"To talk is in the nature of man. † Humans needed language in order to communicate, and soon, the powers that come with language were revealed. The evolution of the human language began when communication was done through pictograms or pictures and drawings. It then developed into ideograms when pictures began to turn into symbols. Later, these symbols became words, words involved letters, vowels emerged, one symbol came to represent one sound, an alphabet was created, and then came the alphabet we now use today. And just as language evolved hundreds of thousands of years ago, it also changes with each generation. The importance of language is essential to every aspect and interaction in our everyday lives. We use language to inform the people around us of what we feel, what we desire, and question / understand world around us. We communicate effectively with our words, gestures and tone of voice in a multitude of situation. Communication drives our lives. The Language Development of the Child To help the child in his development in language, the Montessori classroom is designed to help the child reach the 3rd period of consciousness. Because the learning of language is not done through subjects as in a normal classroom, the child is learning at his own rhythm. This allows the child to concentrate on the learning of each important step in language so that each progressive step is done easily and without any thought on the part of the child. The special material also plays an important role in aiding the child develop the powers of communication and expression, of organization and classification, and the development of thought. But the most important tool in the child’s learning of language lies within the directress. She must support the child in his learning; give him order to classify what he has learned, to help the child build self-confidence, and to provide the child with meaningful activities. The directress is the child’s best source in language development As the child leaves the Montessori classroom after the age of six, he will have become an articulate person, being able to communication his feelings in well-formed sentences and in writing. He will be able to write these thoughts and feelings in a skillful handwriting. He will have the ability to write in different styles and about a variety of subjects. The child will have total reading and a sense of the home language at a level where he will be the master of his words. How do children acquire language? Number of Children acquires language quickly, easily, and without effort or formal teaching. It happens automatically, whether their parents try to teach them or not. Although parents or other caretakers don’t teach their children to speak, they do perform an important role by talking to their children. Children who are never spoken to will not acquire language. And the language must be used for interaction with the child; for example, a child who regularly hears language on the TV or radio but nowhere else will not learn to talk. Children acquire language in stages, and different children reach the various stages at different times. The order, in which these stages are reached, however, is virtually always the same. An excellent guide to this moment in life is linguist Dr. Charles Yang’s book The Infinite Gift: How Children Learn and Unlearn the Languages of the World. Dr. Yang, who teaches at the University of Pennsylvania, ably reveals the complexities of the process while also showing us why these complexities are mastered so naturally—and so beautifully—by children all over the world, regardless of the language they’re learning. Following his guided tour of language learning, we can even begin to appreciate the astonishing truth that, as he says, â€Å"Children are infinitely better at learning languages than we are. † -Dr. Charles Yang Montessori Prepared Environment | | | | | The â€Å"prepared environment† is Maria Montessori’s concept that the environment can be designed to facilitate maximum independent learning and exploration by the child. In the prepared environment, there is a variety of activity as well as a great deal of movement. In a preschool classroom, for example, a three-year-old may be washing clothes by hand while a four-year-old nearby is composing words and phrases with letters known as the movable alphabet, and a five-year-old is performing multiplication using a specially designed set of beads. In an elementary classroom, a small group of six- to nine-year-old children may be using a timeline to learn about extinct animals while another child chooses to work alone, analyzing a poem using special grammar symbols. Sometimes an entire class may be involved in a group activity, such as storytelling, singing, or movement. In the calm, ordered space of the Montessori prepared environment, children work on activities of their own choice at their own pace. They experience a blend of freedom and self-discipline in a place especially designed to meet their developmental needs How Is Language Encouraged In Montessori Prepared Environment Language is a communication that human beings have cooperated with each other to solve common problems. This is through communication based on written and oral language in particular that each generation has passed on its accumulated wisdom to the next. â€Å"Language, we may say, grow with human thought. -Dr. Maria Montessori The learning of language is truly the child’s most amazing intellectual achievement, and is remarkably skilled rapidly in a very short period of time. â€Å"By merely living and without any conscious effort the individual absorbs from the environment even a complex cultural like language. † -Elizabeth G. Hainstock .The language explosive happenings and eruptions in his powers of expression the baby is aware that human voices from the mouth and they will cries differently for different needs and smiles when sees us, this things all will happen from birth till 3 months old . While at about 4-6 months old they will start to babbling sounds more speech-like with many different sounds, including p, b and m While they will chuckles and laughs vocalizes excitement and annoyance. At about 10 month old, Montessori believe that children may understood that there is purpose for the voices which coming out from mouth of a human. In conclusion we can say that as the child leaves the Montessori classroom after the age of six, they will have become a communicative person, being able to communication his feelings in well-formed sentences and in writing. He will be able to write these thoughts and feelings in a skillful handwriting. He will have the ability to write in different styles and about a variety of subjects. The child will have total reading and a sense of the home language at a level where he will be the master of his words. The Montessori Teacher and Her Role â€Å"The teacher, when she begins to work in our schools, must have a kind of faith that the child will reveal himself through work. She must free herself from all preconceived ideas concerning the levels at which the children may be. The many different types of children . . . must not worry her. . . . The teacher must believe that this child before her will show his true nature when he finds a piece of work that attracts him. So what must she look out for? -Dr. Maria Montessori The Montessori teacher is known as a directress because of her role within the setting. She will guide and direct the children through their studies, and observation is paramount to the approach. She plays more of an active role with the younger children, demonstrating the use of equipment and presenting opportunities for development. She intervenes less and less as the child’s independence grows as he develops. The relationship between a Montessori teacher and a child is very important. Her qualities should consist of a calm, warm, friendly manner and a pleasant appearance. Although we do not aim to be perfect, a lack of self-awareness in a teacher can put barriers between herself and a child, such as anger and pride. Of course we are human and do feel angry at times, but it is down to the teacher to deal with her emotions and put those feelings away safely. Children need to know what to expect from a teacher and feel secure if she is firm, but kind. The Montessori teacher waits patiently, watches the child, anticipating his needs, but neither fusses or interferes; she only does what is appropriate. She must give the child opportunity to lean through doing himself; through this he can construct independence. The teacher becomes a direct link between the child and his environment. She will show him how to use the materials and how to wait to have a turn. The Montessori teacher must care for the environment and uphold a safe, loving atmosphere. She must watch and direct the children down spontaneous learning paths and be responsive to a child’s changing needs, assisting him to acquire independence and self-discipline. The Absorbent Mind and the Sensitive Periods Montessori saw the absorbent mind in two phases. During the first phase, from birth to three years old, the young child unknowingly or unconsciously acquires his basic abilities. She called it the period of unconscious creation or the unconscious absorbent mind. The child’s work during this period is to become independent from the adult for his basic human functions. He learns to speak, to walk, to gain control of his hands and to master his bodily functions. Once these basic skills are incorporated into his schema, by about three years old, he moves into the next phase of the absorbent mind, which Montessori called the period of conscious work or the conscious absorbent mind. During this period, the child’s mathematical mind compels him to perfect in himself that which is now there. His fundamental task during this phase is freedom; freedom to move purposefully, freedom to choose and freedom to concentrate. the physical baby developed in utero, the mental or psychic baby must complete his embryonic growth outside the womb. Montessori said that a man, â€Å". . . is like an object turned out by hand. â€Å"6 Once he is born, the baby’s specific interaction with his surroundings casts his mental life and uniquely shapes him. It is now that he absorbs his mother tongue and comes to love his place of birth. Thus, this spiritual embryo needs a concentrated relationship with his parents and milieu to form his individual self. Montessori observed that adults often fail to do what is essential at this time, † . . . because of the habit we have of thinking the child has no mental life. † -Dr. .Maria Montessori The sensitive period for movement is most intense during the first year of life. Montessori reminds us that, â€Å"(n) o other mammal has to learn to walk. â€Å"18 The baby, unable at birth to control any of his movements, doesn’t even know he has hands and feet. But by about twelve months many babies take their first steps. Walking develops without it being taught. An infant’s need to walk is so strong that he becomes upset if he is impeded. The final sensitive period is that for language. No one teaches the child to talk. His language, â€Å". . . develops naturally like a spontaneous creation. â€Å"Of all the auditory stimulation surrounding the baby, it is the human voice that he deeply hears and imitates. By six months, he’s uttering his first syllables, by one year his first intentional word. By one year, nine months he uses a few phrases, and by about two years old he â€Å"explodes† into language. 26 He talks and talks non-stop. By the time he is three years old he is speaking in sentences and paragraphs with proper syntax and grammar. He can fully express himself to get his needs met. During the period of the conscious absorbent mind he will expand his vocabulary immensely. He wants huge words and funny words and rhyming words and words in songs. Our Montessori environments, rich in vocabulary, meet his word hunger perfectly. . How do the language materials prepare the child and which language materials prepared for writing and reading? Montessori uses to develop these cultural skills are to build on the sounds of which speech is made. The earliest language activities prepare the child for writing and reading by first augmenting the toddler’s existing speaking skills. These preparatory language activities may Begin as soon as the child is talking with meaning in phrases and short sentences. The language activities enhance the child’s attention to and use of words in every speaking and train the child to hear the component sounds in all spoken words example I SPY GAME, at this point, the child is provided with the bridge between the spoken word and the written word: the component sounds in spoken words are individually associated with particular visual and tactile images, that is letters example SAND PAPER LATERS. After this early preparation, the activities that actually introduce writing and reading are conducted simultaneously. The key activities that introduces writing is the use of the MOVABLE ALPHABET, the child applies the lessons of the sand paper letters – that is, the association of specific sound with particular images – to make words. A word is sounded out as in the I SPY activity, and plastic letters, shaped exactly like the sand paper letters, are lined up on a mat represent the sounds. The presentation of the movable alphabets stresses that writing is used to record a thought, and that thought can be written instead of spoken. Introducing writing by means of pre- formed plastic letters allows the child to begin to express thoughts in written form the before fully developing the manipulative skills needed to write with pencil and paper. While the child becomes familiar with the act of written expression, the manipulative skills of handwriting are gradually developed through the tactile tracing of the sand paper letters and the creative use of the METAL INSETS, and other later activities facilities the transition from Movable Alphabet to blackboard writing and then to pencil and paper. It is important to note that at this early stage of learning to write, words that the child writes spelled phonetically, as best as the child can. The adult must refrain from making spelling corrections to the child’s composition in these activities. The child is allowed to misspell because correct spelling will come naturally with reading, and because the effort anxiety connect with learning to spell may be enough to cancel the simple pleasure of expression. In these early stages, it is plenty of time later for refining basic skills. The key activity that introduces reading is the presentation of the OBJECT BOXES. The ‘objects’ these refer to are placed out on a mat, and the child is invited to guess which of these objects you are thinking about. Then the child is given the object’s written name as a clue. This approach clearly stresses that the purpose of reading is to find out another person’s ideas. What makes this first instruction to reading easy for the child is that there are only a few things that you might be thinking of, and all of them are on mat. So when it’s time to sound out the word, the sounding need not be entirely accurate, since the child is all the while looking over things, and looking over things of their names. Staring to read is normally so difficult because the word which the child is struggling to pronounce could be virtually and word in the English language. So writing and reading are introduced as fun and a useful activity to children’s with the language materials, which can also help us understand and appreciate the world, and share ideas and experiences with other people.